Exam 1

Question 1

somatic vs autonomic motor division

Answer 1

somatic: skeletal muscle, autonomic/visceral: smooth, cardiac muscle + glands

both part of peripheral nervous system

Question 2

ganglia

Answer 2

accumulations of nerve cell bodies in pns

Question 3

gray matter

Answer 3

cell bodies and neuropil in brain and spinal cord

Question 4

white matter

Answer 4

axon tracts

Question 5

nucleus

Answer 5

local accumulation of neurons w roughly similar fins

Question 6

cortex

Answer 6

sheetlike array of nerve cells

Question 7

commissures

Answer 7

tracts that cross the midline of the brain

Question 8

columns

Answer 8

sensory tracts of dorsal spinal cord

Question 9

autonomic path

Answer 9

autonomic motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord (preganglionic neurons) -> peripheral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia -> these innervate smooth muscle

Question 10

sympathetic vs parasympathetic organization

Answer 10

sympathetic: ganglia are in vertebrate
parasympathetic: ganglia are near organs

Question 11

enteric system

Answer 11

small ganglia and individual neurons in gut wall

Question 12

neural system characteristics

Answer 12

unity of fxn, representation of specific information, subdivision

Question 13

computational vs topographic maps

Answer 13

topographic: like vision, point to point correspondence
computational: not like that

Question 14

cre/lox system

Answer 14

cre recombinase is introduced to mouse genome through homologous recombination, cuts loxP sequences

Question 15

creERT method

Answer 15

cre haș an estrogen receptor that can only be activated by tamoxifen, allows temporal control

Question 16

gastrulation

Answer 16

single layer of cells -> multiple germ layers

Question 17

germ layers

Answer 17

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 18

notochord

Answer 18

cylinder of mesodermal cells that condenses at midline, generated at primitive pit. axis of symmetry

Question 19

neuroectoderm

Answer 19

ectoderm above notochord, gives rise to nervous system

Question 20

neurulation

Answer 20

notochord sends signals to tell above cells to differentiate into neuroectodermal precursor cells. midline ectoderm hardens into neural plate

Question 21

neural tube

Answer 21

gives rise to entire brain and spinal cord, formed from neural plate

Question 22

neural crest

Answer 22

where edges of folded neural plate come together, give rise to a bunch of neurons and glia, cartilage, bone, etc

Question 23

sections of neural tube

Answer 23

prosencephalon (cane hook), mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

Question 24

prosencephalon forms

Answer 24

telencephalon, diencephalon, and optic vesicles -> eventually all forebrain

Question 25

rhombencephalon forms into

Answer 25

mesencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 26

neuromeres

Answer 26

repeating units in neural tube -> eventually cerebellum

Question 27

how genes

Answer 27

divide embryo into segments

Question 28

retinoid acid

Answer 28

inductive signal

Question 29

some neural inducer things

Answer 29

bone morphogenetic proteins, sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor

Question 30

noggin and chordin

Answer 30

endogenous antagonist which block bone morphogenetic proteins so that ectodermal cells can stay neurons

Question 31

sonic hedgehog what sit important for

Answer 31

closing neural tube, establishing identity of neurons in spinal cord

Question 32

neuroblasts

Answer 32

immature nerve cells

Question 33

delta ligands and notch receptors

Answer 33

delta ligands send signals to notch receptors in adjacent cells, liberating notch intracellular domain

Question 34

basic helix loop helix neurogenic factors

Answer 34

local delta notch signaling -> downregulation of delta in most cells, but up regulation in some. in these, bhlh is unregulated and cell becomes primed for neuronal differentiation

Question 35

neurogenesis process

Answer 35

lots of lil neurites -> one is picked as axon and rest become dendrites

Question 36

growth cone

Answer 36

structure at tip of extending axon which helps it explore and determine direction of growth

Question 37

lamellipodium

Answer 37

sheetlike expansion at tip of growth cone

Question 38

filopodia

Answer 38

fine processes that extend from lamellipodium, which rapidly form and disappear

Question 39

actin skeleton vs microtubule skeleton role in growth cone motility

Answer 39

actin: changes in shape of tip microtubule: elongates axon both controlled by (de)polymerization

Question 40

molecules which influence axon growth

Answer 40

extracellular matrix molecules, ca independent and dependent cell adhesion molecules, and ephrins

Question 41

extracellular matrix cell adhesion molecules include... + properties

Answer 41

laminins, collagens, fibronectin | all found in ecm and create durable surfaces

Question 42

receptor for ecm molecules

Answer 42

integrins

Question 43

where are CAMs and cadherins found + why r they unique

Answer 43

on growth cones, growing axons, and surrounding cells | they are both ligand and receptor

Question 44

ephori function

Answer 44

cell-cell recognition

Question 45

netrins

Answer 45

proteins that attract axons, esp helps with those crossing the midline

Question 46

slit and robo

Answer 46

slit = secreted factor, robo = receptor; help axon from coming back over the midline by terminating sensitivity to netrin once its crossed. slit also helps with dendritic branching

Question 47

semaphorins

Answer 47

chemorepellents which cause growth cones to collapse and axon extension to stop. also can serve as a chemoattractant for dendrites

Question 48

brain derived neurotrophic factor

Answer 48

promotes dendritic growth and branching

Question 49

dendritic tiling

Answer 49

dendrites are repelled from other dendrites (including their own) modulated by dscam1

Question 50

chemoaffinity hypothesis

Answer 50

each destination cell and ganglion cell has a specific tag which matches them proven to be more of a gradient of affinities

Question 51

neuregulin

Answer 51

regulates expression and localization of postsynaptic receptors

Question 52

neurexins and neuroligins

Answer 52

neurexins = presynaptic neuroglins = postsynaptic promote adhesion in the synapse, help localize synaptic vesicles, docking proteins, receptors, etc