Exam 1

Question 1

4 types of receptors discussed in class

Answer 1

mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, proprioceptors, thermoreceptors

Question 2

Role of the epidermis

Answer 2

creates barrier, keeps fluids in body, cells filled w/ keratin

Question 3

What tissue takes the longest to heal and why?

Answer 3

ligaments and TENDONS due to decreased blood supply

Question 4

How long is the inflammatory response phase

Answer 4

0-4 days

Question 5

how long is the fibrolastic- repair/ proliferative phase?

Answer 5

21 days - 6wks

Question 6

How long is the maturation / remodeling phase?

Answer 6

3wks-2yrs

Question 7

What are the 3 different heat transfer mechanisms?

Answer 7

Conduction, convection, and radiation

Question 8

How do we conserve heat in the body?

Answer 8

vasoconstriction, cessation of sweating, and shivering

Question 9

How do we release heat?

Answer 9

vasodilation

Question 10

What is one way to test circulation?

Answer 10

nail blanch/ capillary refill

Question 11

What does skin turgor test for?

Answer 11

hydration

Question 12

When performing a skin screen for melanoma what are the ABCDE’s that should be followed?

Answer 12

Asymmetry, borders, color, diameter, evolving

Question 13

What are 3 types of stress?

Answer 13

compression, tension, and shear

Question 14

Excessive stress in the musculoskeletal system can lead to what?

Answer 14

sprain, strain, degeneration/ tear

Question 15

Excessive stress in the integumentary system can cause what?

Answer 15

an abrasion

Question 16

Excessive stress in the cardiopulmonary system can cause what?

Answer 16

fibrosis, aneurysm and ventricular hypertrophy

Question 17

Excessive stress in the neuromuscular system can cause what?

Answer 17

axonal demyelination and degeneration

Question 18

What factors affect PS on tissues?

Answer 18

movement and alignment factors, extrinsic, psychosocial, physiological

Question 19

T/F: BMD is improved by the appropriate physical stress

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 20

Redness, pain, swelling, warmth, and loss of function

Question 21

What is the clinical goal during the inflammatory phase?

Answer 21

control swelling

Question 22

What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory phase?

Answer 22

increase vasodilation, vascular permeability

Question 23

How do NSAIDs affect inflammation?

Answer 23

interfere with the production of prostaglandins thus reducing swelling and decrease pain

Question 24

Clinical goal during proliferation phase?

Answer 24

Control swelling, and optimal loading

Question 25

What are signs of the proliferation phase?

Answer 25

swelling, redness, sensation (nerves are hypersensitive)

Question 26

Clinical goal of maturation/ remodeling phase?

Answer 26

ROM, returning to function, control pain and swelling

Question 27

What happens to the collagen in the maturation phase?

Answer 27

type 1 fibers are synthesized and type 3 is destroyed

Question 28

Primary cause of lymphedema

Answer 28

congenital disorder

Question 29

Secondary causes of lymphedema

Answer 29

tumor, surgery, pregnancy, trauma

Question 30

What are 2 good things about edema? and 2 bad?

Answer 30

Good: Protects joint from further damage, brings nutrients Bad: Pain and secondary tissue hypoxia

Question 31

What is the best way to manage edema?

Answer 31

Ice, Elevation, compression, muscle pump/ PROM

Question 32

What is wolffs law?

Answer 32

when bone grows and remodels in response to the forces that are placed upon it

Question 33

4 stages of bone healing

Answer 33

1. Early inflammation 2. Soft callus forms 3. hard callus forms 4. Angiogenesis: new blood vessels form

Question 34

What modality interventions should be used on bone?

Answer 34

US (non thermal), low level laser, PEMF

Question 35

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 35

a disease associated with low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue

Question 36

What are the common sites for osteoporotic fx in postmenopausal women?

Answer 36

spine, wrist, and hip

Question 37

What is the DXA and what does it do?

Answer 37

measure bone mineral density

Question 38

What joint receptors are sensitive to stretch?

Answer 38

ruffini

Question 39

What joint receptors respond to pressure and compression?

Answer 39

pacini

Question 40

What joint receptors respond to pressure and forceful joint motion?

Answer 40

golgi-mazzoni

Question 41

Why does muscle heal fast?

Answer 41

because they are hydrated

Question 42

When would you use ice on muscle?

Answer 42

Inflammation and pain

Question 43

when would you use heat on a muscle \?

Answer 43

to increase ROM or pain

Question 44

US used on muscle to increase?

Answer 44

blood flow

Question 45

Estim on muscle to??

Answer 45

assist contraction in healing

Question 46

tendons are made up primarily of what type of collagen?

Answer 46

type 1

Question 47

Type 3 collagen is present where?

Answer 47

skin, capsules, mm and tendon sheaths and in healing tissues

Question 48

What is the most common skin cancer?

Answer 48

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 49

What is classifies as an infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, characterized by fever, erythema, edema, and pain?

Answer 49

Cellulitis

Question 50

what are some cutaneous signs of internal disease?

Answer 50

Nail clubbing, chronic edema, acanthosis nigracans (diabetes)

Question 51

What is PRP?

Answer 51

platelet rich plasma , inject platelets above baseline concentrations

Question 52

What is PRP supposed to do?

Answer 52

promote cell replication, blood vessel growth, and muscle repair

Question 53

PRP can be used for the following?

Answer 53

``` chronic tendinopathies ligament tear/ injury bone growth wound healing cartilage regeneration ```

Question 54

Is pain a symptom or a sign?

Answer 54

SYMPTOM

Question 55

What is inflammatory soup?

Answer 55

chemical mediators released from the nociceptors and injured tissue creating an acidic environment which hypersensitizes neurons and excitibility

Question 56

what is hyperalgesia?

Answer 56

increased response to noxious stimuli

Question 57

Allodynia?

Answer 57

pain in response to innocuous stimulus

Question 58

What fibers inhibit the pain signal being sent to the brain? aka closing the gates

Answer 58

non-nociceptive Abeta

Question 59

what fibers open the gate and allow pain signal to reach the brain?

Answer 59

C fibers

Question 60

Which fibers have the fastest conduction speed and which have the slowest?

Answer 60

A alpha and A beta have the fastest and C is the slowest

Question 61

What are the nociceptive fibers?

Answer 61

C and A delta

Question 62

Whatt are the nonnociceptive fibers?

Answer 62

Abeta

Question 63

When endorphins/ opiopeptins are released why dont you feel pain/ pain is diminished?

Answer 63

because they inhibit the synaptic transmission of A delta and C fibers

Question 64

What can lead to a muscle spasm?

Answer 64

pain and can increase pain

Question 65

How do physical agents help reduce pain? (4)

Answer 65

moderate the release of inflammatory mediators, modulate pain at spinal cord level, alter nerve conduction, increase endorphin levels

Question 66

What are pain memories?

Answer 66

when a repetitive action triggers a memory and causes pain

Question 67

What does use it or loose it refer too?

Answer 67

lack of movement alters boundaries and affects motor execution

Question 68

What has a higher specific heat skin or muscle?

Answer 68

SKin

Question 69

The rate at which heat is transferred between 2 materials is dependent on what 3 things?

Answer 69

temperature difference, conductivity of material, and area of contact

Question 70

Can muscle, tendon, and ligaments be cooled?

Answer 70

possibly, but not so much because cold therapy only goes 1-2 cm deep

Question 71

What is conduction

Answer 71

direct contact

Question 72

What is convection

Answer 72

circulation of medium

Question 73

what is conversion

Answer 73

mechanical energy converted into heat

Question 74

what is radiation

Answer 74

direct E transfer without intervening medium

Question 75

what is evaporation?

Answer 75

E absorp, liquid vapor