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Human Development II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

When does the shift from ego-centrism to abstract logic occur?

A

11-18

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2
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

thinking intesely about themselves and how other people think of them

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3
Q

What is rumination?

A

Thinking obsessively over self-focused concerns (rehashing )

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4
Q

What are the two fables?

A

1: Personal Fable
2: Invincibility Fable

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5
Q

What is the Personal Fable?

A

Adolescents belief that their thoughts, feelings, experiences are more unique than others

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6
Q

What is the invincibility fable?

A

belief that one cannot be overcome or harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal

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7
Q

What is formal operational thought?

A

Piaget’s fourth stage of development characterized by systematic logic and abstract ideas

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8
Q

What is hypothetical thought?

A

reasoning that uses propositions and possibilities that nay not reflect reality

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9
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

reasoning from a general premise through logical steps to figure out specifics

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10
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion (less advanced)

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11
Q

What is intuitive thought?

A

thought that arises from an emotion or hunch, beyond rational explanations
-influenced by past experiences

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12
Q

What is analytic thought?

A

Thought that results from analysis such as a pros and cons list

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13
Q

What is secondary education?

A

Highschool (12-18)

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14
Q

What is middle school?

A

5/6-8

Learning goes backwards

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15
Q

What is identity?

A

Consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual

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16
Q

What are the components of Erikson’s Identity vs. role confusion?

A

Identity Achievment
Role confusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium

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17
Q

What is Identity achievment?

A

attainment of identity the point at which a person understands who her or she is

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18
Q

What is role confusion?

A

a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her id is

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19
Q

What is forclosure?

A

premature identity formation occuring when an adolescent adopts parents or societies roles and values without question or analysis

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20
Q

What is moratorium?

A

An adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identiy achievment decisions

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21
Q

What is political id?

A

Each group more lib than last

-if parents are political kids are likely to be

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22
Q

What is ethnic id?

A

Pride in ethnicity (leads to academic achievment and well being)

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23
Q

What is parental monitoring?

A

Parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom

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24
Q

Parental monitoring: what is a warm supportive relationship associated with?

A

positive outcomes less risky behaviors

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25
Parental Monitoring: What are cold punitive parents associated with?
rebellion anxiety/depression substance abuse
26
What is familism?
the belief that family members should sacrifice personal freedom and success to care for eachother
27
What is suicidal ideation?
serious thoughts about killing oneself
28
What age is suicidal ideation most commoin?
15
29
What are cluster suicides?
several suicides commited by members of a group within a brief period of time
30
What is parasuicide?
Any potential lethal action against the self that does not result in death -more common than completed suicide
31
What gender is more likely to complete suicide?
males
32
When does drug use become widespread before decreasing?
10-25
33
What age is the best predictor of later drug use?
15
34
What is social cultural theory?
suggests that human development result from interaction between people and society/culture
35
What is the zone of proximal development?
what can be learned on own or with help
36
What is evolutionary theory?
suggests that humans have 2 needs survive and reproduce
37
What is the eclectic perspective?
swapping portions of theories together
38
How many chromsomes do humans have?
23 pairs 46 total
39
What is an allele?
variation of gene carrying a specific trait
40
What are epigenetics?
how environmental factors effect genes and expression
41
What is a zygote
the formation of a new individual by two gametes
42
What is a gamete?
Reproductive cells ie sperm or ova
43
What is genotype?
organisms entire genetic inheritance
44
What is homozygous?
Two genes of one pair are exactly the same
45
What is heterozygous?
Two genes of one pair are not the same
46
What are stem cells?
first cells can produce any other cells can be reprogrammed CRISPR
47
What is assisted reproduction?
General term for techniques to inpregnate infertile couples
48
What is invitro fertilization?
fertilization that takes place outside of the body (mix sperm with removed ova implant idn different female
49
What are monozygotic twins
Identical: come from one zygote
50
What are Dizygotic twins?
two seperate ova two seperate sperm | -fraternal twins
51
What is phenotype?
observable characteristics of a living thing including appearance, personality, and intelligence
52
What does polygenic mean?
Trait is influenced by many genes
53
How many alleles does each person have that cause serious disease?
40 Alleles
54
What is a carrier?
person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype
55
What is down syndrome?
Tisomy-21 person has three copies of chromosome 21
56
What percentage of children whos parents have a dominant disorder will have the disorder
50%
57
When do most dominant disorders present?
adulthood
58
Why are recessive gene disorders more numerous?
They are passed down generationally by people unaware of their genoty[e
59
What is puberty?
the time between the first onset of hormones and full adult physical development
60
How long does puberty typically last?
3-5 years
61
What is the sequence of puberty for girls?
1) nipple growth 2) Pubic hair appears 3) peak growth spurt 4) Widening of hips 5) Menarche 6) Full pubic hair 7) Breast maturity
62
What is the sequence of puberty for boys?
1) Growth of testes 2) initial pubic hairs 3) growth of the penis 4) spermarche 5) appearance of facial hair 6) peak growth 7) Deepening of voice 8) Final pubic hair
63
When do girls have their first menarche
12yr 4 month
64
When is peak fertility?
16-22
65
What is spermarche?
First ejaculation
66
What is the average age for spermarche
13
67
Who uses estragon?
females
68
Who uses endrogen?
males
69
What are gonads?
paired sex glands produce hormones and gametes
70
What is estradol
Sex hormone considered the chief of estrogen
71
When do teens have the most energy
night
72
During puberty how does the brain mature?
steady maturation of the prefrontal cortex | high hormonal influence of amygdola (fight or glight)
73
When will puberty begin?
8-14 visible one year later
74
What do fat kids do?
begin puberty earlier
75
What happens to early maturing girls?
depression, body image issues,older boyfriends, abusive relationships
76
What happens to early maturing boys?
more aggressive law breaking and alcohol abuse
77
What happens to late developing boys?
anxious depressed and afraid of sex
78
What is the sequence fro growth?
weight height muscles
79
What happens to organs during puberty
lungs 3x weight heart 2x size tonsils shrink
80
what happens to skin during puberty?
oily, sweaty more prone to acne
81
What happens to hair?
coarser and darker
82
What is nature?
genetic influence on a person
83
What is nurture?
the non genetic influence on developing people including mothers behavior in womb and national culture
84
What is differential susceptability?
sensitivity to any particular experiences
85
What is the life span perspective?
humans develop through all of life
86
What is a sensitive period?
easy but non essential ex. language
87
What is the ecological systems theory?
everyone is influenced by different layers of context
88
What are the layers of the ecological systems theory?
Microsis realm Extosis realm Macrosis realm Chronos realm
89
What is the microsis realm
things that have a direct influence on development
90
What is the extosis realm
external factors such as school or church
91
What is the macrosis realm
wider bodies (government, economics)
92
What is the methosis realm
interaction of microsis, extosis, and macrosis
93
What is the chronos realm
time period
94
What is a cohort
group of people who share an experience at the same time
95
What is socioeconomic status?
position in society with income wealth occupation education and residency
96
What is culture?
system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, expectations, that persist over time
97
What is the difference equals deficit error?
mistaken belief that a deviation from the norm is inferior to behavior or characteristics that fit the norm
98
What does plasticity mean?
human traits can be molded
99
What is experimental research?
used to prove cause and effect uses experiment and control groups
100
What is a cross-sectional study
two different groups
101
What is longitudinal study?
follows one person for years
102
What is cross-sequential?
combines cross-sectional and longitudanal
103
What is a positive correlation?
variables rise together
104
What is a negative correlation?
one rises one falls
105
What is quantitative research
provides data expressed in numbers
106
What is qualitative research
non quantifiable data
107
What is psychoanalytic theory?
inner drive, early childhood, unconscious motives
108
Who is erik erikson?
8 developmental stages with developmental crisis 5 psycho social stages 3 adult stages
109
What is behaviorism
focus on measurable observable behaviors
110
What is operant conditioning
behaviors can be learned through association of environmental and naturally occuring stimulus (pavlov_)
111
What is social learning theory?
observation of others changes behavior
112
What is assimilation?
new ideas are added/associated with old ideas/systems
113
What is accommodation?
acceptance of a new thing. (balloons are not balls they are balloons)
114
What does social cultural theory suggest?
suggests that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and surrounding society/culture
115
What does comorbid mean?
multiple disorders at once
116
When does self esteem dip for both boys and girls?
puberty
117
What effects depression
level of support from family and friends/ cultural contexts
118
What is major depressive disorder
deep sadness and feelings of hopelessness ,lethargy, and worthlessness -disrupts functioning
119
What ratio of boys and girls develop major depressive disorder?
Girl: 1/5 Boy: 1/10
120
What does externalizing mean?
lashing out breaking shit more common in males
121
What oes internalizing mean?
moody shit, anxiety, depression (females )
122
What happens to anger during adolescence?
increases
123
What is a life course persistent offender?
breaks law as an adolescent and does not stop
124
What is an adolescent limited offender?
stops breaking the law by 21
125
What is the foster care to prison pipeline?
foster kids 4x more likely to end up in prison - more moves =more likely for prison - 90% of teens moved 5x or more within prison in 2yr
126
What is the school to prison pipeline?
- put in contact with law early - poverty abuse disabiliteies - zero tolerance policies boot kids
127
What does tobacco do?
slows growth - protein and vitamin deficiencies - damages hearts, lungs, brains, and reproductive systems
128
What does alcohol do?
damages hippocampus and prefrontal cortex if heavy (memory) | -momentary denial of problems
129
What does weed do?
- adolescents who use regularly more likely to drop out be teenage parents, and be unemployed - lowers motivation

Human Development II (3 decks)

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