EXAM 1 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Element
A
pure substance containing only one atom
2
Q
All living organisms have
A
H,C,N,O,P,S
3
Q
Atomic mass
A
protons + neutrons
4
Q
Isotopes
A
forms element with differ mass numbers
5
Q
Radioisotopes
A
unstable, give off gamma, beta, and alpha radiation)
6
Q
Radioactive decay
A
transforms the atom
7
Q
What determines how atom acts
A
energy, electron
8
Q
Molecule
A
two or more bonded atoms
9
Q
Chemical bond
A
force that links together forming molecules
10
Q
Covalent Bond
A
sharing of e- (strongest bond)
11
Q
Compound
A
2 or more elements
12
Q
Electronegativity
A
attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on e-
13
Q
Ions
A
electrically charged particles
14
Q
Cation
A
positively charged
15
Q
Anion
A
negatively charged
16
Q
Ionic bond
A
bond btwn negative and positive ions
17
Q
Cohesion
A
water molecules resist coming apart from 1 another (results in surface tension)
18
Q
Mole
A
amount of substance
19
Q
Avogadro’s number (1 mole)
A
6.02*10^23
20
Q
Acids
A
give off H+
21
Q
Bases
A
accept H+ ions
22
Q
Weak acid
A
not full dissociation
23
Q
Strong acid
A
complete dissociation
24
Q
pH
A
log of the molar conc. of H+ ions
25
Lower pH means what?
H+ conc. is higher, or greater acidity
26
Buffer
mixture of weak acid and its corresponding base
27
Macromolecules
polymers with molecular weight > 1000Da
28
Four macromolecules
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
29
Polymers of smaller molecules
monomers
30
LIPIDS ARE NOT POLYMERS
-
31
Isomer
molecules that have same formula but differ. atom arrangement
32
Polymers formed in which reactions
condensation/dehydration
33
MONOMERS ARE JOINED BY COVALENT BONDS
-
34
Functions of proteins
enzymes, structure, protection, signal transduction, transport, DNA regulation
35
Polypeptide chain
single, unbranched chain of AA
36
Argine, Histidine, Lysine
hydrophilic (form H bonds)
37
Negative charge
Aspartic, Glutamic
38
Disulfide bond
capable of stabilizing 3-D shape
39
Primary structure
sequence of amino acids
40
Secondary structure
3D structure (alpha and beta pleated shape)
41
LINK BTWN MONOMER IS COVALENT BOND
-
42
Tertiary structure
bending and folding
43
Quaternary structure
results from interaction of subunits
44
Interactions btween proteins and other molecules
Noncovalent bond
45
Affect 2 and 3 structure
temp change, pH, high conc. of polar molecules
46
Denaturation
loss of 3D structure
47
Chaperonins
proteins that help prevent proteins bind to wrong lignands
48
Carbs
energy source, carbon skeleton
49
Types of carbs
mono, di, oligo, poly
50
Types of polysacc.
starch, glucogen, cellulose
51
Disaccahrides
sucrore, maltose, cellolose
52
Starch
stroage of glucose in plants
53
Glycogen
storage of glucose in animals
54
Cellulose
component of plant cell wall (very stable)
55
Lipids
Nonpolar/ insoluble in water hydrocarbons
56
FATS ARE OILS ARE TRIGLYCERIDES-SIMLPES LIPIDS
-
57
Triglycerides
1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
58
Ester linkage
carboxyl reacts with glycerol hydroxyl group
59
Saturated fatty acid
no dbl bonds
60
Unstaturated fatty acids
some dbl bonds, attach to glycerol to form a triglyceride
61
Phosolipid
2 fatty acids and 1 phosophate group bound to glycerol
62
Purine
large, 2 ring structure
63
Pyrimides
1 ring
64
Ribose
has hydroxyl group
65
Deoxy
no hydroxyl group
66
Phosphodiester linkages
backbone of DNA and RNA
67
Hybridize
binding of 2 strands of nucleic acid (complementary base pairing)
68
DNA
information molecule
69
RNA
uses info to determine sequence of AA
70
ATP
energy transducer
71
GTP
energy source in protein synthesis
72
cAMP
essential to the action of hormones and transmission of info in nervous system
73
FORM PURINES, PYRIMIDES, AA
-
74
enzymes
catalyst procuded by an organism
75
Light microscope
use glass lenses and light (resolution=.2um)
76
Electron microscope
elctromagnets focus an electron beam (resolution=1000x higher)
77
Why are cells small
high SA to volume ratio
78
Plasma membrane function
* allow cell to maintian homeostasis
* acts as selective permeable barrier
* important for comm and receiving signals
* contains proteins
79
Prokarytic
small, single cells, enclosed by plasma membrane, have rigid cell wall
80
Internal membrane system
allow bacteria to undergo photosynthesis
81
Organelle
membrane enclosed compartment
82
Holes in cell wall
plasmo desmata
83
PLANTS DO NOT HAVE CENTRIOLES
-
84
Nucleolus
begins assembly of ribosomes
85
Nuclear pores
control passage of molecules
86
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE IS CONTINIOUS WITH ER
-
87
Nuclear lamina
break down when cell divides, give form
88
Chromosomes
seperate strand of chromatin
89
Ribosome
protein synthsis, made of RNA and protein
90
Endomembrane system
ER and Golgi....network of enterconnected membranes including RER and SER
91
RER
segregates newly made proteins which enter luumen and can be mdified and transported
92
SER
synthesis of lipiids and steriods, detoxification, hydrolysis of glycogen
93
Golgi App
recieve protein and modify from ER...package and sort protein
94
cis region
receives vesicles from ER
95
trans region
vesicles bud off and are mmoved to plasa membrane
