Exam 1 Anatomy 2300 Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
cardiovascular system
A
heart, blood vessels, blood/transportation of: oxygen and nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste, and hormones
2
Q
anatomy
A
science of the body and the relationships among them
3
Q
opposition
A
Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
4
Q
regional anatomy
A
anatomy taught according to regions of the body at the same time
5
Q
systemic anatomy
A
anatomy taught by system to system (independent of region)
6
Q
dissection/prosection anatomy
A
where a cadaver is dissected and ready to observed
7
Q
What are some divisions of anatomy?
A
embryology, developmental biology, and histology
8
Q
What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
A
function always reflects structure
9
Q
Level of organization of the body?
A
molecules (chemical), cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
10
Q
tissue
A
groups of similars that have a similar function
11
Q
organ
A
complex structure that is made up of at least 2 different tissues
12
Q
epithelial tissue
A
covers body surfaces and lines hollow body organs, body cavities and ducts. Can form glands
13
Q
connective tissue
A
protects and supports the body, stores energy
14
Q
muscle tissue
A
uses ATP to be converted to mechanical energy for movement through contraction
15
Q
neural tissue
A
detects changes in the body, communication through APs (nerve impulses)
16
Q
Skeletal system
A
bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints /
there to support, protect, leverage(for movement), hematopoiesis, mineral storage and energy storage
17
Q
adipose tissue
A
fat tissue that is created from yellow marrow, energy is stored in triglycerides
18
Q
muscular system
A
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle / providing movement and heat production (thermogenesis)
19
Q
lymphatic system
A
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus gland, tonsils, and spleen/fluid control, filtration, immunity, WBC formation
20
Q
Nervous system
A
brain, spinal cords, nerves, sense organs/communication, homeostasis
21
Q
Endocrine system
A
hormone producing glands and cells / communication and homeostasis
22
Q
homeostasis
A
the body’s ability to keep a relative stable environment while the external environment changes
23
Q
Respiratory system
A
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs / gas exchange
24
Q
digestive system
A
alimentary canal (GI tract) , salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas/mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption, solid waste removal
25
urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra/filtration and elimination
26
reproductive system
Male: testes, penis, duct system, glands
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia
- production of hormones, formation of germ cells, housing developing fetus
27
What are the main components of integumentary system?
skin and accessory structures
28
What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?
sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, hair and nails
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What are the main functions of the integumentary system?
protection, temperature regulation, waste elimination, sensation
30
Describe the movement of blood in the skin?
Hot blood flows to the surface and cold blood flows back to the core
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keratin
protective protein produced by epithelium cells
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What is the most superficial layer of the integumentary system?
epidermis
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epidermis
superficial layer of the skin, made up of dead cells and keratin
34
How is the epidermis formed?
mitosis of cells causes dead cells to keep rising and cause a layer to form
35
How is the epidermis nourished?
since the layer is avascular, it relies on diffusion to gain nutrients
36
What is located in the dermis?
connective tissue, Blood vessels, nerves, hairs, and glands
37
What is the hypodermis?
adipose tissue that increases when someone gains weight
38
Human Anatomical Position
erect, facing forward, feet parallel together, head level, palms facing forward at the side of the body
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prone
body face down
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supine
lying on the back
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How do you describe anatomical positions when regarding left/right side of the body?
describe the patients/cadaver's left or right
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medial
near the midline
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lateral
away from the midline
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ipsilateral
on the same side
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contralateral
opposite side of the body
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anterior
front of the body
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posterior
towards the back of the body
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superior
towards the head
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inferior
towards the bottom
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superficial
towards the surface
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deep
away from the surface
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proximal
closer to the point of attachment
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distal
further from the original attachment point
54
What are the 2 divisions of the body?
axial and appendicular
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axial
head, neck and trunk
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appendicular
appendages or limbs
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2 major divisions of the upper limb
brachium and antebrachium
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2 majors of the lower limb
thigh and limb
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body planes
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body
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sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
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midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal left and right planes
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parasagittal plane
Divides body into unequal right and left sides (off centered to the midline)
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frontal or coronal plane
vertical plane
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transverse plane
horizontal plane
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dorsal cavity
contains brain (cranial cavity) and spinal cord (vertebral cavity), runs all the way down the body
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ventral cavity
thoracic cavity and the abdominalpelvic cavity
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thoracic cavity
contains left and right pleural cavity,
mediastinum -> pericardial cavity
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abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
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abdominopelvic quadrants
RUP,LUP,LLQ,RLQ
these are all divided by the umbilicus
70
Functions of bone?
support, protection, hematopoiesis, movement, triglyceride storage, and mineral storage
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axial bones
bones that are center along the midline
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appendicular bones
bones that are off centered of the midline line or bones that connect appendages to the axial skeleton
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long bone
the bone is longer than it is wide (has a shaft)
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short bone
approximately cubed in shape
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flat bone
thin flat bones
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irregular bones
complicated shapes; vertebrae and hip bones
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Sesamoid bones
special type of short bone that is formed in the tendon
78
What is the functional purpose of sesamoid bones?
acts to alter the direction of the pull of the tendon
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tendon
connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to the a bone
80
compact bone
hard, dense bone usually the outermost layer; has passages for neurovasculature
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spongey bone
layer of bone that is found internally made up of trabeculae usually red/yellow matter is found here
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diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
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epiphysis
end of a long bone (distal, proximal)
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epiphyseal plate
"growth plate" made up of hyaline cartilage where the bone can experience growth (mitosis)
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epiphyseal line
line where bone used to grow; found in adults
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periosteum
outer membrane of the bone made up of thick CT and bone cells; connects bone to the tendon
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sharpey's fibers
connects periosteum to the bone and helps in movement of the bone
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endosteum
line the medullary cavity
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medullary cavity
cavity where bone marrow lies
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articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where joints come in contact; help in absorbing shock
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Where are two active sites of hematopoiesis ?
head of the femur and the hip bones
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What is the structure of short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones?
CB->SB->CB
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What is spongy bone called in non long bones?
dipolë
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What lines the dipolë?
endosteum
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What lines the compact bone in non long bone?
periosteum
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Joint (articulation)
sites where 2 bones meet
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What are the 2 ways to classify joints?
Based on structure and based on amount of movement
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Structural joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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Functional movement joints
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
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fibrous joints
bones joined together by fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity
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cartilaginous joint
bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity
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synovial joints
articulating bones that are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
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synarthrosis
immovable joints
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amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable
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diarthrosis
freely moveable joints
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What determine the movement permitted in fibrous joints?
depends on the length of the connective tissue holding the bones together
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What are the three types of fibrous joints
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
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suture fibrous joint
very short fibers connect the interlocking edges of the articulating bones; occurs only between bones of skull and they are synarthrotic joints
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syndesmosis fibrous joint
ligaments connect the two bones; either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic joints
110
gomphosis fibrous joints
peg-in-socket joint (only examples are in teeth) ; synarthrotic joints
111
synarthrotic syndesmosis joint
short ligaments cause no movement
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amphiarthrotic syndesmosis joints
long ligaments cause little more movements
113
what are the type of cartilaginous joints?
synchondrosis and symphysis
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synchondrosis cartilaginous joints
bar or plate of hyaline cartilage joins bones; synarthrotic
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symphysis cartilaginous joints
a pad or plate of fibrocartilage between bones; amphiarthrotic
116
What are the synovial joints?
articular cartilage, joint or synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments
117
articular cartilage
end of bones, cartilage covering opposing bone ends (type of hyaline cartilage)
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synovial cavity
contains synovial fluid
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articular capsule
surrounds synovial cavity has 2 parts; fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
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fibrous capsule
outside, hold 2 bones together
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synovial membrane
inside- produces synovial fluid
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synovial fluid
viscous, reduces friction between two bones
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reinforcing ligaments of synovial joints
help hold 2 bones together
124
plane joints
2 flat articular surfaces glide on top of each other
translational movement
125
hinge joints
cylindrical projection of one into a trough like of another
flexion and extension
126
pivot joint
rounded end of one bone protruding into a sleeve or ring
rotational motion
127
condyloid joints
oval articular surface fitting into a depression of another
angular motion
128
atlantoaxial joint
pivot joint between C1 and C2 that allows rotation of the skull to make the "no" head expression
129
saddle joint
concave and convex portion that has a great freedom of motion
130
ball-and-socket jint
spherical bone fitting into a socket type one
universal motion
131
main function of muscle
turn ATP into mechanical force (physical movement)
132
What can stimulate muscle fibers
nerves, hormones, other muscle cells
133
What are located in muscles?
myofilaments (actin and myosin) which interact to produce tension through contraction
134
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
135
Skeletal muscle tissue
tissue made up of long, cylindrical multinucleated cells with striations
voluntary movement
136
Cardiac muscle tissue
branching striated usually uninucleated cells connected by intercalated discs
involuntary motion
137
smooth muscle tissue
spindle-shaped cells that are uninucleate and do not have striations; propels things along internal passage ways
involuntary motion
138
What are the function of muscle tissue
producing body movement , maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, generating heat (thermogenesis)
139
What is in skeletal muscles?
nerves, connective tissue, skeletal muscle fibers, and blood vessels
140
what are the three connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscles?
endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
141
endomysium
wraps around muscle fibers (CT)
142
perimysium
wraps around a fascicle (CT)
143
epimysium
wraps around a bunch of fascicles (CT)
144
What happens when a muscle contracts?
one bone remains stationary while the other is moved
145
origin
the muscle's attachment to the immoveable bone
146
insertion
the muscles attachment to the moveable bone
147
direct attachments
the epimysium is directly attached to the periosteum of the bone
148
indirect attachments
the muscle's connective tissue wrapping extends beyond the muscle as either a tendon or an aponeurosis which will attach to the bone
149
aponeurosis
a flat tendon
150
What are the three types of movement at synovial joints and skeletal muscles?
gliding (translation), angular movement, rotation
151
translation/gliding
flat articular surface slide over one another
152
angular movements
increase or decrease angle between two bones
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flexion
decrease the angle between 2 bones
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extension
increase the angle between 2 bp=ones
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hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position
156
lateral flexion
bending left or right
157
abduction
moving a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body
158
adduction
moving the limb toward the median or midline
159
circumduction
moving a limb to create a cone in space
160
rotation
turning a bone along its axis
161
lateral rotation
rotation away from midline
162
medial rotation
rotation toward the midline
163
dorsiflexion
dorsal end of the food toward the shin
164
plantar flexion
take sole end of foot away from shin
165
supination
forearm rotated laterally
radius and ulna are parallel
166
pronation
rotate forearm medially
rotate ulna and radius (crossing)
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inversion
turning midally
168
eversion
turning laterally
169
protraction
moving a body part forward
170
retraction
moving a part backward
171
elevation
lifting a body part superiorly
172
depression
moving a body part inferiorly
