Exam 1 and 2 Flashcards

Question

Alexia

Answer 1

**reading disruption** *from a stroke* * dyslexia: gene distrub * frequency = reference to acq agnosia to indicate results

Answer 2

**recognition imparied, restricts class of object** *inability to recognize live things, normal in non-living* * *inanimate*: sensorimotor assists in recognition, kinesthetic codes * *semantic knowledge*: catergory (*living, non*), property (*function, visual*)

Answer 3

**catergory** (*living, non*), **property** (*function, visual*) * *connectionist*: gave computational brain damage (animously judes, multidimensional represents space (visual process)) * *double dissociation*: lesion in visual semantic -> impairs living, lesion in functional semantic -> impairs non living (limited, stops lines of code but identify living through visual and functional representation)

Answer 4

**functionally defined** *ventral surface* * fusiform gyrus: **local**: central surface, temporal lobe to *view facial stimulation*

Answer 5

**perceive human form** *damage = inability to recognize stability*

Answer 6

**holistic::** parallel, expect face above line *engage in face process (not anaytic), whole vs. parts (ID whole faces are easier, no difference with houses) **analytic**: perceptive analysis emphasizes component parts of object (reading analysis are some letters, ASL, 2nd language

Answer 7

**area in hippocampus, regulation of temporal love repsonse to stimulate scenes vs places**

Answer 8

**brain activity produces by stimulation to detect menthods** *fMRI detects OG stimulus* * shown stim -> space -> predicted BOLD * BOLD -> feature specifity-> stimulus predicted * based on neural activity

Answer 9

sensitive to faces

Answer 10

recognizes body

Answer 11

**Ventral**: what *inferotemporal cortex* **Dorsal**: where *posteroparietal cortex (right hem)* * found in single cell recording (hand study) in ITC (lesion/behavioral study) * *optic ataxia* * bilateral fMRI activity * PET contrasts in object vs localization (2AFC, reveal dif neutral activity to task) * Perception for identity vs perception for activity (dissociation between awareness and perception, damage to ventral)

Answer 12

**recognize object but 0 visual info to guide action** * 0 ability to avoid obstacles * innapropriate eye saccades * fail to bring object to fovea * dorsal pathway and patient DF = double dissociation * ***Hem Asymmetry*** in fMRI: depends on location of object, hand used to reach (ventral guides object, dorsal to judge task = spatial processes)

Answer 13

**attention vs awareness** *damage bilterally to regions of postoparietal and occipital* * dmall subset of objects perceived at a time * object mislocalized * regard to selective attention

Answer 14

**failure/sloweness in acknowledging object or evens in contralateral hem to lesions** *severe persists worse when association with damage to right parietal lobe* * 0 ability to draw on the left side * attends to one side * extinction when present stimulus in left and right visual field, only sees R * neglect in visual memory

Answer 15

Where's Waldo

Answer 16

**failure to perceive or respond to a stimulus contralateral to a lesion (contralesional)

Answer 17

**Voluntary: ability to intentionally look at something**:*book* **Reflexive: bottom up stimulus drive, sensory event captures attention**

Answer 18

**Overt: observe action related to attention**: *look at this, your focus is here* **Covert: unobservable**: *pretending to look at something, actually looking from peripheral, in front of you, etc* (different from foviation)

Answer 19

**involuntary listening**: *where is attention? but can recognize name* * cocktail party afffect

Answer 20

not processing all inputs to gain access/pass attention to go into Short tem, Working or Long term

Answer 21

**concept of info processed = finite, processing capacity **; *need for system to select higher prior information for access to stage analysis*

Answer 22

**gating mechanism determines limited information passed for high level analysis** * E: stimulus selects further analysis (found irrelevant before perception analysis of stimulus complete (**top down**)

Answer 23

Early: **sensory gating mechanism**: *select stimulus make to perceptively process* (**Top**) Late: **everything is encoded**, *perception process before selection* (**Bottom**)

Answer 24

*2AFC task, measure reaction time* (right/wrong) **Valid**: meets expectations (can you attend to correct location faster?), behaviorally, nothing wrong, cue affects prep response. * *reaction time = behavioral, not reflecx, spec stages process (EEG)*

Answer 25

**Endo**: control of attention by internal stimulus under voluntary control (*spatial para*) **Exo:**: (*reflex*) by external, not internal voluntary control (*startled, reacting*)

Answer 26

**stimulus disp revelant physiological effect of sustained, spatial selective attention** *attention facility* = enhanced neural response at attended location (*enhanced if not at right place*) * noisy EEG = do average to get rid of noise, with control in mind, focus on left side of space, right hem increases BOLD signa*

Answer 27

**TRN:** part of right nucleus (RN) surrounds leftgeniculate nucleus inputs from cortex, subcortex structure sends project to thalamic relay nucleus * mechanism for selective visual field location for current spot of attention (*need to react to threats*)

Answer 28

**reflexive cuing task**: event related potential (ERP), enhanced on P1 (distraction to correct location) * distraction not relevant to attention after 300ms * slow motor response between distractor to target (reflex) * inhibitory recent attended location, after inhibited return to object * people response's are slow to stim. auto "spotloght"

Answer 29

**feature targets: early spatial attnetion freely moves**: *spotlight moving * **behavior**: precue attention to visual feature improved performance * **attention**: selection in mid-specialization cortex areas, alters perception processes of inputs before complete feture regions,* perception visuospatial atttention when location of targetn is not known before hand * **conjunction**: too many features to identify

Answer 30

* separate from other mechanisms of attention * network of areas * areas involved with attention have specific, assigned and different functions

Answer 31

*large region of posterior thalamus* **many nuclei interconnectors of specific cortex regions** * chemical deactivator (neurotoxin) of pulv shows loss of covert spatial attention and stimulus filter (selection) - withdrawl attention from non-goal driven things * reveals rde covert attention, attent filter

Answer 32

**part of body that can move** (every = opposite pairs muscles)

Answer 33

**Anatagonist pair, regular arm position** *excitatory signal to flex (agonist) inhibs the antag via interneurons* **Bicep**: flex above elbow **Triceps**: bicep relaxed, extends forearm, descending commands

Answer 34

inneverate skeletal muslce and cause contractions that create movement (bulk of a muscle) (**aka lower motor neurons**)

Answer 35

When muscles lengthen, spindles are stretched. Activates spindle and sends impulse to spinal cord. Activates motor neurons at spine that send impulse back to muscle.

Answer 36

project to other cells within the spinal cord. * modulate: motor, sensory, autonomic functions * composed of: **spinal interneurons, projection neurons (outside spine)** * propriospinal neurons, ascending and descending projections (same side = ipsilateral, different = contra)

Answer 37

tract: originates from cerebral cortex, divides into spinal tract and bulbar tract. Each carry efferent signals to spine or brain. Corticospinal sends signals to spine, controls move in limbs and trunk. * OG from primary motor cortex, P1, premotor cortex * receives fibers from somatosenosry, cingulate, parietal

Answer 38

**Tax**: uncoordinated movements and balace, originally from weakness. From damage to cerebellum. Can't carry out proper movement - clumsy **Prax:**: inability to carry out purposeful movement from coord and muscle power. Can't make certain movements. Difficult to control.

Answer 39

a large, highly convoluted (infolded) structure located dorsal to the brainstem at the level of the pons; maintains interconnectivity with other cortical areas, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum and spinal cortex

Answer 40

* Initiation of voluntary actions involves a **basal ganglia loop** that originate and terminate * facilitated by dopamine, which lowers the threshold for movement initiation (**self-initiated actions**) * determine whether an intention to act is translated into an actual movement * **reduced DA = akinesia **

Answer 41

The basal ganglia are a grouping of interconnected subcortical nuclei that mitigate and control functions ranging from voluntary movement, cognitive planning, emotions and reward functions, and even cognition and learning

Answer 42

* midbrain dopaminergic nucleus which has a critical role in **modulating motor movement** and **reward functions** as part of the basal ganglia circuitry * to the putamen, called the nigrostriatal pathway, are critically involved in the motor deficits observed in Parkinson disease * forming synapses on multiple neuronal populations throughout the basal ganglia, but especially in the **putamen** * primary input into the ** basal ganglia circuitry ** and a critical element to these functions * **damage** = Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 43

* one-sided paralysis * **brain or spinal cord** injuries * a neurological condition characterized by the loss of voluntary movements on one side of the body; typically results from damage to the corticospinal tract, eithe rfrom lesions to the motor cortex or from white matter lesions that destroy the descending fibers

Answer 44

a hypothesis concerning how movements are planned in terms of the desired final location; emphasize that the motor representation is based on the final position required of the limbs to achieve the movement goal

Answer 45

a neural network limited to the spinal cord that produces patterned motor outputs without descending commands from the cerebral cortex or sensory feedback

Answer 46

a property of cells in the motor pathway, referring to the direction of movement that results in the highest firing rate of the neuron; voxels have also been shown to have preferred directions in fMRI studies, indicating that such preferences can even be measured at the cell population level of analysis

Answer 47

a statistical procedure to represent the activity across a group of neurons; reflect the aggregate activity across cells, providing a better correlation with the behavior than that obtained from the analysis of individual neurons

Answer 48

a device that uses the interpretation of neuronal signals to perform desired operations with a mechanical device outside the body; for instance, signals recorded from neurons or EEG can be used to move a prosthetic arm

Answer 49

H: a genetic degenerative disorder in which the primary pathology, at least in the early stages of the disease, is observed in the striatum (caudate and putamen) of the basal ganglia; prominent symptoms include clumsiness ad involuntary movements of the head and trunk; cognitive impairments are also seen and become pronounced over time P: a degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia in which the pathology results from the loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra; primary symptoms include difficulty in initiating movement, slowness of movement, poorly articulated speech, and, in some cases, resting tremor

Answer 50

H: a movement disorder characterized by the absence or reduction in the production of movement; prominent symptom of Parkinson's disease B: slowness in the initiation and execution of movements; prominent symptom in Parkinson's disease

Answer 51

neurons that show similar responses when an animal is performing an action or observing that action produced by another organism; hypothesized to provide a strong link between perception and action, perhaps providing an important basis for the development of conceptual knowledge

Answer 52

a form of motor learning in which a learned skill is modified due to some change in the environment or agent **learning**: term that refers to the acquisition of a new motor skill or capability; motor learning can arise from maturation processes or intense, dedicated practicing

Answer 53

a form of sensorimotor adaption in which the visual feedback is altered, resulting in a mismatch between proprioception and vision; with practice, the motor system adjusts to compensate for the mismatch

Answer 54

a theoretical construct referring to the idea that the brain generates predictions of expected events; in motor control, the prediction of the expected sensory consequences of a movement

Answer 55

a severe form of apraxia in which the patient's knowledge about the intent of an action is impaired; for example, the patient may no longer comprehend the appropraite use for a tool, even though still capable of producing the required action

Answer 56

a form of apraxia in which the patient has difficulty executing the desired action properly; patients appear to have a general idea about how the action should be performed and how tools are uesd, but they are unable to coordinate the movements to produce the action in a coherent manner

Exam 1 and 2 Flashcards

(88 cards)