Exam 1 - Biochemistry

Question 1

Enzyme

Answer 1

Catalyzes reactions

Question 2

Substrate

Answer 2

The reactant in an enzyme catalyze reaction

Question 3

Product

Answer 3

The result of an enzyme catalyze reaction

Question 4

What does a double-arrow mean in a reaction?

Answer 4

The reaction can go both ways

Question 5

What is meant by the rate of an enzymatic reaction?

Answer 5

Products/time

Question 6

Describe two features used in naming enzymes

Answer 6

The name of the substrate or product and the type of chemistry involved

Question 7

Hydration of an Alkene

Answer 7

Alcohol

Question 8

Dehydration of an alcohol

Answer 8

Alkene

Question 9

1* alcohol oxidation

Answer 9

Aldehyde

Question 10

2* alcohol oxidation

Answer 10

Ketone

Question 11

Oxidation of 3* alcohol

Answer 11

NR

Question 12

Primary amine

Answer 12

Ionized & unionized

Question 13

Secondary amine

Answer 13

Ionized & unionized

Question 14

Tertiary amine

Answer 14

Ionized & unionized

Question 15

Quaternary amine

Answer 15

Show charge

Question 16

Carboxylic acid

Answer 16

Ionized & unionized

Question 17

Reduction of aldehyde

Answer 17

Primary alcohol

Question 18

Reduction of aldehyde

Answer 18

Carboxylic acid

Question 19

Reduction of ketone

Answer 19

Secondary alcohol

Question 20

Hydrolysis of ester

Answer 20

Carboxylic acid and alcohol

Question 21

Phosphate ion

Answer 21

Draw it

Question 22

Phosphoester bond

Answer 22

Products of hydrolysis?

Question 23

Phosphoanhydride bond

Answer 23

Products of hydrolysis?

Question 24

Thiol

Answer 24

Show structure

Question 25

Disulfide bond

Answer 25

Oxidation of two thiols

Question 26

Thiols teri bond

Answer 26

products of hydrolysis?

Question 27

Amide bond

Answer 27

Products of hydrolysis?

Question 28

Typical amino acid

Answer 28

Draw it

Question 29

Typical fat molecule

Answer 29

Draw it

Question 30

Rxn of aldehyde and alcohol x2

Answer 30

Draw it

Question 31

Two nomenclatures for naming carbon atoms

Answer 31

Alpha beta gamma and numbering

Question 32

Three major fuels from a typical diet

Answer 32

Carbohydrates, fat and protein

Question 33

Why do cells need energy? (List major classes of uses)

Answer 33

Biosynthesis, detoxification, physical/kinetic work

Question 34

Describe and explain the ATP-ADP cycle

Answer 34

Cleavage of phosphate bonds releases energy. ATP synthase harvests energy from H+ gradient in mitochondria to re-add phosphate to ADP.

Question 35

Draw schematic of ATP

Answer 35

Draw it

Question 36

Label each hydrolyzable bond on ATP

Answer 36

Draw it

Question 37

How does ATP have the structure of a nucleotide?

Answer 37

A nucleotide is a nucleoside + phosphate. A nucleoside is a nitrogenous base attached to a sugar.

Question 38

What is the difference between adenine and adenosine?

Answer 38

Adenine is the nitrogenous base, adenosine is a nucleotide

Question 39

What building blocks are each type of fuel broken into before oxidation?

Answer 39

Carbs-monosaccharides; proteins-nucleic acids; fats-fatty acids

Question 40

Describe the regeneration of ATP during cellular respiration

Answer 40

Aerobic and anaerobic?

Question 41

Describe the TCA cycle

Answer 41

Where does it occur? What does it do?

Question 42

Describe the electron transport chain

Answer 42

Where? What does it do?

Question 43

Describe how the TCA cycle and the ETC are connected

Answer 43

How are they connected?

Question 44

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 44

Describe it

Question 45

State the caloric value of each fuel

Answer 45

Carbs-4 kcal/g; fats-9 kcal/g; protein-4 kcal/g

Question 46

list the major carbohydrates in the human diet and classify each as a mono or poly saccharide

Answer 46

Starch, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, galactose, glucose

Question 47

What is table sugar?

Answer 47

Sucrose - cane sugar

Question 48

What is milk sugar?

Answer 48

Lactose

Question 49

What is fruit sugar?

Answer 49

Fructose - sucrose + glucose

Question 50

What is dextrose?

Answer 50

Blood sugar - glucose

Question 51

What is blood sugar?

Answer 51

Glucose

Question 52

Why do fats have a higher caloric value than carbohydrates?

Answer 52

They are more reduced

Question 53

What 3 forms does the body store fuel in? Where is each primarily located?

Answer 53

Fat-adipocytes; carbohydrates-glycogen (liver, muscle, all cells), protein-skeletal muscle

Question 54

Why can a limited amount of body protein be broken down before affecting bodily functions?

Answer 54

Proteins are essential to the functioning of muscles and all biochemical processes (enzymes)

Question 55

How are amino acids used to generate energy?

Answer 55

Gluconeogenesis

Question 56

Compare and contrast starch and glycogen

Answer 56

Starch-from plants; glycogen-in muscles

Question 57

Describe the use of muscle glycogen

Answer 57

Hydrolyzed to glucose for anaerobic respiration during heavy exertion

Question 58

How is liver glycogen used?

Answer 58

To maintain blood glucose levels

Question 59

What enzyme allows the liver to export glucose? How and why?

Answer 59

Glucose-6–phosphatase

Question 60

Why store glycogen and not just glucose?

Answer 60

Glucose from glycogen is quickly accessible