EXAM 1: Building Flavor Profiles

Question 1

Cooking with aromatics:
______ that deliver flavor and aroma when heated or crushed and serve as the foundation for recipies

Answer 1

Vegetables
- examples: onions, garlic chilies, celery, leeks, bell peppers, carrots, ginger, etc
- typically heated in oil or butter (fat) as the first step

Question 2

What is a seasoning

Answer 2

Any compound that enhances the flavor already found naturally in food

Question 3

What is a flavoring

Answer 3

Any substance that adds a new flavor to food
Ex: oil extracts, marinades, rubs

Question 4

What are examples of seasonings

Answer 4

Onions, garlic, shallots
Herbs and spices
Salt and salt substitutes
Pepper
Condiments (ex. Worcestershire sauce)
Grated lemon/orange rinds
Vinegars/juice (lemon/lime)
Prepared mustard
Wine/brandy/bourbon

Question 5

What are examples of flavorings

Answer 5

Flavoring
Wine/brandy/bourbon/flavor enhancers
Oil extracts
Marinades
Rubs and pastes

Question 6

What is the second most frequently used food additive

Answer 6

Sodium chloride aka salt

Question 7

What is the difference between sodium and salt

Answer 7

Sodium is Na and NaCl is salt

Question 8

What are the functions of salt

Answer 8

Flavor enhancer
Preservative
Binder
Texture enhancer
Color aid
Fermentation control

Question 9

What is the crystal shape of table salt

Answer 9

Very small cube

Question 10

What is the crystal shape of kosher salt

Answer 10

Larger flake

Question 11

What is the crystal shape of sea salt

Answer 11

Big square/pyramid

Question 12

What is the crystal shape of Himalayan salt

Answer 12

Even bigger square/pyramid

Question 13

What is the mg of Na per 1/4 tsp of table salt

Answer 13

590 mg

Question 14

What is the mg of Na per 1/4 tsp of kosher salt

Answer 14

500 mg

Question 15

What is the mg of Na per 1/4 tsp of sea salt

Answer 15

400-500 mg

Question 16

What is the mg of Na per 1/4 tsp of Himalayan salt

Answer 16

~400 mg

Question 17

What nutrients are found in table salt

Answer 17

Iodine

Question 18

What nutrients are in kosher salt

Answer 18

No iodine

Question 19

What nutrients are found in sea salt

Answer 19

Trace amounts of iodine, Mg++, K+, Ca++

Question 20

What nutrients are found in Himalayan salt

Answer 20

Trace amounts of iodine, Mg++, K+, Ca++

Question 21

What are the uses of table salt

Answer 21

Soups, sauces, baked goods

Question 22

What are the uses of kosher salt

Answer 22

Rubs, marinades, pastes

Question 23

What are the uses of sea salt

Answer 23

Finishing salt

Question 24

What are the uses of Himalayan salt

Answer 24

Finishing salt

Question 25

What are the two types of peppers

Answer 25

Pepper berries and Red Pepper (or cayenne) - the color of the berries depends on the ripeness - red pepper is the same family as chiles, paprika and bell peppers

Question 26

What is the chemical in red pepper that causes a burning sensation

Answer 26

Capsaicin (The hottest pepper is called pure capsaicin)

Question 27

What is the purpose of black pepper

Answer 27

Seasoning and flavoring Stocks, sauces, red meat

Question 28

What is the purpose of white (ground) pepper

Answer 28

Seasoning Blends well with many foods (use small amounts)

Question 29

What is the purpose of red pepper

Answer 29

In small amounts, adds spicy hotness to foods without altering the flavor Sauces, stocks

Question 30

What are flavor enhancers

Answer 30

Food additives that bring out primary flavors in foods without altering Examples: amino acids, guanylic acid, inosinic acid, MSG

Question 31

What are oil extracts

Answer 31

aka flavoring agent Small amount is needed to impart flavor Uses: puddings, candy, ice cream, cakes, cookies Store in a cool, dark place and use within one year for maximum flavor

Question 32

What is the USDA dietary guidelines for 18 years and older sodium consumption

Answer 32

Less than 2300 mg of sodium per day

Question 33

What is the USDA dietary guidelines for salt sensitive individuals, adults with HTN

Answer 33

Consumer 1500 mg or less sodium per day

Question 34

What does the health claim term “Reduced salt” mean

Answer 34

At least 25% reduction vs. original product

Question 35

What does the health claim term “very low salt” mean

Answer 35

35 mg or less / serving

Question 36

What does the health claim term “Light in sodium” mean

Answer 36

At least 50% reduction vs. original product

Question 37

What does the health claim term “Low salt” mean

Answer 37

140 mg or less / serving

Question 38

What does the health claim term “salt-free” mean

Answer 38

5 mg or less / serving

Question 39

What are some ways to limit sodium when cooking

Answer 39

Use less sodium: make your own stocks, soups, sauces and add less salt; add more seasonings to compensate for lower sodium If you purchase broth, stock, soy sauce, etc. read the labels to find the lowest amount Cook with fresh meat/poultry/fish and avoid canned, smoked and processed types of meat Add sodium/salt in small amounts to avoid overwhelming the food Sodium concentrates as liquid evaporates during cooking

Question 40

What are some ways to limit sodium presence in foods

Answer 40

Limit canned, cured, pickled and some frozen foods Check the labels to find the lowest sodium ingredients/foods Avoid seasoning salts (garlic, celery, onion, parsley, etc) Avoid/limit meat tenderizers, meat flavorings, salad dressings, condiments, MSG and bullion cubes

Question 41

What are some hidden sources of sodium to be aware of

Answer 41

Breads, rolls, pizza, soup, deli meat Baking soda and baking powder, salted snacks such as chips, crackers, nuts and seeds