Exam 1: carcinogenesis

Question 1

neoplasm

Answer 1

“new growth”

tumor

Question 2

not all tumors are what

Answer 2

cancer

Question 3

neoplasm characteristics

Answer 3

• do not obey laws of normal cell growth

- continue to grow at expense of host

Question 4

Cancers cells exhibit autonomy meaning

Answer 4

independent from normal cellular control

Question 5

anaplasia

Answer 5

loss of differentiation or specialization (do not function for specific reasons)

Question 6

Benign cancer or not?

Answer 6

NOT cancer

Question 7

how are benign tumors named

Answer 7

tissue of origin and + oma

Question 8

malignant

Answer 8

cancer

Question 9

cell differentation

Answer 9

normal process of developing specialized functions and organization

Question 10

describe benign tumors

Answer 10

• well encapsulated
• well differentiated
• retain some normal tissue structure
• dont spread to lymph nodes or distant locations

Question 11

describe cancer

Answer 11

• not encapsulated
• poorly/undifferentiated
• absence of normal tissue structure
• spread to other tissues, lymph nodes or distant locations
• rapid growth

Question 12

inherited mutations

Answer 12

mutations occur in germ cells (gametes) and are given to child
PASSED ON

Question 13

non-inherited mutation

Answer 13

occur in somatic cells as they divide over a persons life

Question 14

oncogene

Answer 14

mutant gene that promotes cancer cell growth

Question 15

tumor suppressor gene

Answer 15

normally regulates or slows down proliferation (growth)

normally active… sometimes turned off

Question 16

proto-oncogene

Answer 16

• an oncogene in its non-mutated state

- promotes normal cellular growth

Question 17

biggest risk factor for cancer

Answer 17

age

Question 18

mutations that create/activate oncogenes

Answer 18

1. point mutations
2. chromosome translocations
3. chromosome amplifications

Question 19

point mutations

Answer 19

• small DNA changes
• most common
• 1+ base pairs changed

Question 20

chromosome translocations

Answer 20

1. translocation of the genetic material causes excess production of factors that leads to proliferation
2. translocation leads to production of new proteins that have growth promoting properties

Question 21

chromosome amplifications

Answer 21

repeated duplication of a small piece of chromosome which leads to increased expression of oncogene

Question 22

viral and bacterial causes of cancer:

Answer 22

viral: HBV, HCV, herpis, HPV
bacterial: H.. Pylori

Question 23

environmental agents of cancer

Answer 23

1. chemical- smoking, asbestos

2. physical-UVB, radiation

Question 24

grade 1

Answer 24

well differentiated

tumore closely resembles tissue of origin and thus retains some specialized functions

Question 25

grade II

Answer 25

moderately differentiated tumor has less resemblance to tissue of origin, more variation in size and shape of tumor cells, increased mitosis

Question 26

grade III

Answer 26

poorly to very poorly differentiated tumor does not closely resemble tissue of origin, much variation in size shape of cells and greatly increased mitosis

Question 27

grade IV

Answer 27

very poorly differentiated tumor has no resemblance to tissue of origin, great variation in size shape of cells

Question 28

T

Answer 28

primary tumor

Question 29

N

Answer 29

regional lymph nodes

Question 30

M

Answer 30

distant metastasis

Question 31

Tx

Answer 31

tumor cannot be assessed

Question 32

TO

Answer 32

no evidence of primary tumor

Question 33

TIS

Answer 33

carcinoma in situ

Question 34

T1, T2, T3

Answer 34

progressive increase in tumor size or involvement

Question 35

Nx

Answer 35

regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

Question 36

NO

Answer 36

no evidence of regional node metastasis

Question 37

N1, N2, N3

Answer 37

increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes

Question 38

Mx

Answer 38

not assessed

Question 39

MO

Answer 39

no distant metasasis

Question 40

M1

Answer 40

distant mets present, specify sites

Question 41

pathways of metastasis

Answer 41

- direct invasion and extension - seeding of cancer cells within body cavities - spread through blood or lymph pathways

Question 42

pain with cancer due to

Answer 42

``` pressure obstruction stretching tissue destruction inflammation bone metastasis treatments ```

Question 43

cachexia with cancer due to

Answer 43

``` anorexia fullness weight loss anemia weakness altered taste treatments malabsorption ```

Question 44

anemia with cancer due to

Answer 44

``` chronic bleeding iron deficiency severe malnutrition bone marrow involvement treatments ```

Question 45

leukopenia/thrombocytopenia with cancer due to

Answer 45

bone marrow involvement | treatment

Question 46

infection with cancer due to

Answer 46

decreased WBC decreased immune function treatments nosocomial

Question 47

NADIR

Answer 47

time when bone marrow activity and WBC are lowest after chemotherapy usually 7-14 days after chemo at risk of : fatigue infection bleeding

Question 48

hypercalcemia with cancer

Answer 48

due to bony metastases or PTH secreting tumors

Question 49

clinical mani of hypercalcemia with cancer

Answer 49

R/T loss of membrane excitability: - fatigue - anorexia - loss of DTR's - ECG changes

Question 50

tumor lysis syndrome: chemo and radiation can lead to

Answer 50

1. destruction of tumor cells 2. cell contents spill into Blood stream 3. accumulation of K, purines, phosphorus

Question 51

what is the end result from lysis syndrome

Answer 51

- hyperkalemia - hyperurisemia - hyperphospuria