Exam 1: Cardiovascular pathology Flashcards
Atherosclerosis
a variant of arteriosclerosis,
build up of plaque or fatty substances
Arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries, causes hypertension
aneurism
outpocketing in weakened vessel wall
ruptured aneurism is what kills you
fibroblast
a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue, a fibrous cellular material that supports and connects other tissues or organs in the body
Fibroblasts show a variety of morphologies, both in shape and size, depending on the organ they are found and on their cellular activity level. Generally, they are elongated (Figures 1 and 2) or star-like cells, with cytoplasmic projections that can be short and wide, or long, thin and branched. These last cell protrusions allow physical contact between close fibroblasts. Gap junctions can be found in these contacts. They can also physically contact other cells, such as neurons, muscle cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes, and others. Fibroblasts also communicate with other cells by using the extracellular matrix as an intermediate and by releasing molecules.
cytokines
Cytokines are an exceptionally large and diverse group of pro- or anti-inflammatory factors that are grouped into families based upon their structural homology or that of their receptors. Chemokines are a group of secreted proteins within the cytokine family whose generic function is to induce cell migration. Other cytokines include interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor, TGF and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
granulation tissue
fibroblasts come in and lay down collagen, new blood vessels and such… it is immature scar to mature scar
has three main functions: immune, proliferative, and being a temporary plug
pericytes
cells present at intervals along the walls of capillaries (and post-capillary venules). In the CNS, they are important for blood vessel formation, maintenance of the blood–brain barrier, regulation of immune cell entry to the central nervous system (CNS) and control of brain blood flow.
granulocytes
a type of white blood cell that has small granules inside them. These granules contain proteins. The specific types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Granulocytes, specifically neutrophils, help the body fight bacterial infections.
prostaglandins
a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labour.
ischemia
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
extracellular matrix (ECM)
an intricate network composed of an array of multidomain macromolecules organized in a cell/tissue-specific manner. Components of the ECM link together to form a structurally stable composite, contributing to the mechanical properties of tissues.
a point to think of in disease
growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.
Steroid hormone
A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be grouped into two classes: corticosteroids and sex steroids. Within those two classes are five types according to the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids and androgens, estrogens, and progestogens.
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a single polypeptide of 53 amino acid residues which is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. Egf exerts its effects in the target cells by binding to the plasma membrane located EGF receptor. The EGF receptor is a transmembrane protein tyrosine kinase. Binding of EGF to the receptor causes activation of the kinase and subsequently receptor autophosphorylation.
interleukins
Interleukins are a group of cytokines that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells as well as some other body cells.
cytokines
Cytokines are proteins made in response to pathogens and other antigens that regulate and mediate inflammatory and immune responses.
hyperplasia
the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer.
artherosclerosis
a variant of arteriosclerosis, hardening or thickening of arteries made up of deposits of fatty substances.
embolism
obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble.
zygomycetes
umbrella term for types of fungi
can eat through lumen wall and reach mucosa (opportunity comes when high concentration feed lowers ph and causes ulcers) and get to blood vessels
fomites
objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture.
pathognomonic
(of a sign or symptom) specifically characteristic or indicative of a particular disease or condition.
ovine herpesvirus-2 infection
Also known as malignant catarrhal fever (MCF).
Virus replicates in their Type II pneumocytes
Transmitted via nasal and ocular secretions, airborne
Causes lymphoproliferative necrotizing vasculitis
Viral infection detected in leukocytes, vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle of tunica media, fibroblasts of tunica adventitia.
sheep are the resrvoir host but unaffected by the virus.
CAUSES OF TYPE II PNEUMOCYTE HYPERPLASIA:
Type II pnuemocytes secrete surfactant.
causes:
pneumonia
sepsis (diffuse alveolar damage)
pulmonary embolus with infarction
chemotherapeutic drugs
radiation therapy
inhalant damage (e.g., oxygen toxicity)
interstitial lung disease
