Exam 1: Cellular Alterations

Question 1

what’s an idiopathic disease?

Answer 1

disease or condition without a definable cause

Question 2

what’s an iatrogenic disease?

Answer 2

disease caused by physician or medical treatment

Question 3

Why are injuries due to biologic agents different from other types of cellular injuries

Answer 3

b/c biologic agents are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects

Question 4

What are the mechanisms of cellular injury?

Answer 4

• free radical formation (ROS
• hypoxia and ATP depletion
• disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis

Question 5

what’s hypoxia?

Answer 5

lack of oxygen to cells

Question 6

what are the effects of hypoxic cell injury?

Answer 6

• cell reverts to anaerobic metabolism
• lactic acid production
• decreased ATP production
• inhibition of NA-K pump
• cell swells, cellular edema

Question 7

how does impaired calcium homeostasis negatively affect the cell?

Answer 7

it may inappropriately activate a number of enzymes that are damaging to cells

Question 8

What is Ionizing vs nonionizing radiation

Answer 8

ionizing- gamma rays, x-rays (energy above the visible UV light range)
nonionizing-infrared, microwaves,ultrasound (energy below that of visible light)

Question 9

what are the 5 main cellular responses to injury?

Answer 9

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

Question 10

what is atrophy?

Answer 10

decrease in cell size due to decreased work load
ex:
-disuse
-paralysis
-lack of endocrine stimulation
-decreased nutrition
-ischemia

Question 11

what is hypertrophy?

Answer 11

increase in cell size and increase in functional capacity

Question 12

what is hyperplasia?

Answer 12

an increase in the number of cells in organ or tissue, only occurs in cells with mitotic division

Question 13

what is metaplasia?

Answer 13

conversion of one adult cell type to another adult cell type, usually in response to chronic irritation and inflammation

Question 14

what is dysplasia?

Answer 14

deranged cell growth of tissue that results in cells of various size, shape, and organization.

Question 15

which cellular response to injury type is the most likely to become malignant?

Answer 15

dysplasia

Question 16

what are some examples of reversible cell injury?

Answer 16

• pH changes
• increased glycolysis
• decreased protein synthesis
• failure of sodium potassium pump

Question 17

what are some examples of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 17

• severe depletion of ATP
• nuclear changes
• membrane damage
• necrosis

Question 18

what is necrosis?

Answer 18

death of a cell, tissue, or organ

Question 19

what are four types of tissue necrosis? (licking cows feels cruel)

Answer 19

liquefaction, coagulation, fat, casseous

Question 20

what’s liquefaction necrosis?

Answer 20

cells die, but enzymatic functions are not destroyed

Question 21

what’s coagulation necrosis?

Answer 21

the development of acidosis, which denatures proteins of the cells

Question 22

what’s fat necrosis?

Answer 22

death of adipose tissue from trauma or pancreatitis, destructive enzymes get released

Question 23

what’s casseous necrosis?

Answer 23

TB lesions- looks like cottage cheese on xrays, dead cells persist

Question 24

what is a gangrene?

Answer 24

a large area of necrotic tissue

Question 25

what are the types of gangrene?

Answer 25

wet,dry, and gas

Question 26

what are the characteristics of dry gangrene?

Answer 26

form of coagulation necrosis, occurs in extremeties(decreased arterial flow), skin wrinkles, turns black. -has line of demarcation, between healthy and dead tissue

Question 27

what are the characteristics of wet gangrene?

Answer 27

form of liquefaction necrosis due to interference of venous blood return -area is cold,swollen,black,foul odor, blebs form

Question 28

what are the characteristics of gas gangrene?

Answer 28

due to infection of necrotic tissue, by clostridium family. gas bubbles form in muscles

Question 29

What is apoptosis? Is it a physiologic process or pathophysiology

Answer 29

apoptosis is shrinkage of the cell and wrinkling of the cell membrane. it's both physiologic ( cell death provides more space for new cell growth) and pathologic ( too much could cause Alzheimer's and Parkinson's

Question 30

What are the phases of wound healing and what occurs in each step

Answer 30

1. inflammatory phase- time of injury. blood clotting(hemostasis), cleans debris 2. proliferative phase- 2-3 days after injury, fibroblasts make collagen. granulation tissue form 3. remodeling (maturation) phase- 3 weeks after injury. collagen synthesis.

Question 31

What is healing by primary intention? Secondary intention—which is preferred and why

Answer 31

primary intention-wound healing with close approximation of edges(more preferred b/c minimal tissue loss secondary intention- larger wound, more tissue loss and edges not clean

Question 32

What factors will influence the process of wound healing

Answer 32

nutrition, blood flow, infection, age

Question 33

what's wound dehiscence?who's at risk for it?

Answer 33

• Separation of the wound edges after suturing, abdominal wounds at risk