Exam 1 - Ch. 1/2/3 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Properties of D (5)
A
Multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, influenced by many contexts, multidisciplinary
2
Q
D is multidimensional
A
physical (maturation), cognitive (thinking), socioemotional (interactions, emotions)
3
Q
D is multidirectional
A
go forward or backward, growth/decline
e.g. thinking speed slows but INC in knowledge compensates
4
Q
D is plastic
A
malleable/changeable, brain/body compensation, resiliency as result
5
Q
Resilience
A
able to adapt effectively to adverse circumstances
6
Q
Influences of D
A
Age-graded, history-graded, non-normative influences
7
Q
Age-graded influences
A
experiences interpreted differently w/age - most in early/late life e.g. someone mean @ age 6 vs. 16
8
Q
History-graded influences
A
culture, historical time period e.g. war/epidemic, economic shifts
9
Q
Cohort
A
generation of people born @ same time in same period
10
Q
Non-normative influences
A
trauma, dysfunction - not predictable/common
11
Q
D is multidisciplinary
A
w/sociology, cognitive psych, medicine, stats, philosophy
12
Q
Continuous view
A
constant, slow/gradual change e.g child gains experience
13
Q
Discontinuous view
A
periods of latency b/t periods of growth e.g. language
14
Q
Role in development
A
active: influence world around them, create/avoid experiences that lead to change (AGENCY)
passive: no role, let things happen
15
Q
Nature vs Nurture
A
inherited genes, e.g. birth wt.; many traits heritable not inherited
after birth, environment influenced
16
Q
Psychoanalytical theories
A
describe D/behavior as result of interactions b/t drives, memories, conflicts unaware of
17
Q
Freud’s psychosexual theory (describe/limits)
A
sexual stages of D, unconscious drives focus on different body parts, balance b/t over/undergratifying desires
id/ego/superego
not widely accepted(infant sex), not testable
18
Q
Erikson’s psychosocial theory of D
A
8 stages of growth
- conflict must be solved at each stage
- first life span view, focus on role of social world/culture
19
Q
Behaviorism
A
examine observable behavior - all influenced by physical and social environment
- aka learning theory
20
Q
Classical conditioning
A
neutral stimulus elicits response originally produced by another stimulus
21
Q
Operant conditioning
A
notice patterns, behavior more/less probable depending on consequences
22
Q
Conflict b/t learning theories and D psych
A
D wants more emphasis on internal (thoughts/emotions) rather than pure external events
23
Q
Social learning theory
A
bobo clown (observational learning), reciprocal determinism physical/social envir. influ. behavior through effect on thoughts/feelings
24
Q
Reciprocal determinism
A
individuals and environment interact and influence each other
25
Cognitive-developmental perspective (Jean Piaget)
- children/adults are active explorers of world - learn by interacting in it
- schemas
- drive to understand worlds drive cog. D in 4 stages
26
Weakness of Cog-dev. perspective
sees stages as universal, non-varying sequence
27
Information processing theory
- computer, input into mind, manipulate/store/recall
| - experience = better problem solving
28
Weakness of IP theory
doesn't capture complexity of mind/adaptation to changing circumstances
29
Vtgotsky;s sociocultural systems theory
by children interacting w/adults, older peers, same age peers:
1. culture transmitted through social interaction from one gen. to next
2. cog. D stimulated by socialization
3. language acquisition
30
What does Vtgotsky emphasize
active role in development, role of cultural context in D
31
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
distance b/t what child can do on own and what can accomplish w/support of someone more knowledgable
32
Uri Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory
D = result of interactions w/our different contexts
- shift in context = ecological transition
Micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono
33
Microsystem
immediate physical/social enivironment (family/peers)
| - includes person
34
Mesosystem
relations b/t microsystems (e.g. school/home)
35
Exosystem
setting where not participant but still influences them (tv, parent's work)
36
Macrosystem
larger sociocultural context (culture, religion)
37
Chronosystem
refers to timing of above events
38
Ethology
study of evolutionary basis of behavior and its survival value e.g. study in chimps
- use evolution to understand changes in life
39
Scientific method
identify problem, hypothesis, gather info, conclude, analyze
40
Structured observation
observing/recording behavior displayed in controlled environment
in contrast to naturalistic
41
Self report research
open ended interview (broad ?s), structured interview (specific set), survey
42
Problem w/self reporting
socially desirable answers
43
Physiological measures
galvanic skin response, HR, FMRI
| can't be faked
44
Case study
in depth, one person, can't be generalized
45
Longitudinal research
follows same participants over same time
| - one cohort, see age change
46
Cross-sectional research
compares groups of people (diff ages) at single point in time
- compare among age not development
47
Sequential research
assess multiple cohorts over time
| - gives age/cohort effects
48
Beneficence
should have welfare of participant as goal of any study
49
Nonmaleficence
above all do no harm
50
Other ethical principles of research
responsibility, integrity, justice (benefit spread equally), participant autonomy, informed consent
51
Dizygotic twins (fraternal)
2 ova released, fertilized by 2 sperm
| - different genomes, share ~ 1/2 genes
52
Monozygotic twins (identical)
one egg fertilized one sperm, egg splits into 2
| - identical genomes
53
incomplete dominance
both genes influence characteristic e.g. blood type
54
Genomic imprinting
expression of gene determined by whether inherited from dad or mom
55
Polygenic inheritance
when many genes interact to express a certain trait e.g. mental illness
56
Huntington's
dominant gene, brain disease, progressively debilitating, symptoms 30-40s, death 10-20 after symptoms
57
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
recessive, can't digest phenylalanine, diet restrictions, risk permanent brain damage
58
Sickle Cell
recessive, carriers still see symptoms, resistance to malaria
59
X linked disorders
males more affected b/c if have, is expressed, females only express if both X have recessive form (hemophilia, fragile X)
60
Down Syndrome
3 chromosomes on 21st pair, most common, mild intellectual impairment, premature aging, accelerated decline of cognitive functioning, loving
- early. intervention = high stimulation environment
61
Genetic counseling
helps prospective parents determine likelihood that kids will inherit genetic defects
- family history, genetic screening, bioethicist helps
62
Fertility cliff
@ 35yo, eggs break more rapidly/easily
63
Klinefelter syndrome
males w/extra X chromosome
64
Jacob's syndrome
males w/extra Y chromosome
65
Turner syndrome
only 1 X chromosome (female)
66
Triple X
female, often unnoticed symptoms, 3 X chromosomes
67
Fetoscopy
small cam inserted into amniotic sac to examine/do procedures during pregnancy
68
Ultrasound
most common, fetal abnormalities
69
Fetal MRI
fetal snapshot, more info than ultrasound
70
Amniocentesis
sample amniotic fluid w/needle
| - analyze results for chromosomal abnormalities
71
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
similar to amnio, earlier, sample fetal membrane (chorion)
| - difficult b/c membrane is narrow
72
Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT)
fetal DNA in mother's blood - analyze for chromosomal disorders
73
Artificial insemination
```
in vivo (in womb), injects sperm to egg
- male sperm motility problems
```
74
In vitro (in glass) fertilization
egg/sperm mixed in petri dish (fertilized outside womb)
- either can be donor (ethical issues w/egg)
- hormone stimulates egg drop, mix, reimplant
75
Surrogacy
another woman implanted w/fertilized egg
| - ethics of exploitation
76
Genotype and phenotype
genetic makeup, influence traits
vs
traits ultimately show
77
Behavioral genetics
genetic influences on personal characteristics and behavior
78
Heritability
extent to which variation among people of a characteristic is due to genetic differences
79
Selective breeding
reveals genetic contribution to certain traits
80
Family studies
how much due to genes vs. environment (twin/adoption studies)
81
Heritability of intelligence, sociability, obesity etc.
inherit range of reaction - potential expressions depending on environmental opportunity/constraints
82
Epigenetics
psychological development = product of ongoing, bi-directional interaction b/t heredity and environment
- nature AND nurture
83
Canalization
heredity narrows range of development to few outcomes e.g. motor development - walking not influenced much
84
Passive gene-environment correlation
parents home similar to own interests/genotype as well as child's e.g. instruments in house
85
Evocative gene-environment correlation
child's genes influences environment e.g. child happy when hears music
86
Niche-picking
choose own interest and activities - shapes own development
87
Ovulation
when female's body deposits egg from ovary to fallopian tube
88
Fertilization
- conception in FT
- sperm swim up FT; detect heat from ovum
- penetrate ovum
89
When sperm penetrates the ovum...
ovum now impenetrable to other sperm, sperm discards tail, its genetic contents merge w/ovum's making zygote
90
Zygote
fertilized egg (46 chromosomes) travels down FT and to uterine wall where implants
91
Placenta
organ of exchange b/t mom and baby
92
3 periods of prenatal
germinal (0-2w), embryonic (3-8w), fetal period (A&B - 9w-birth)
93
Fetal period A (2nd trimester)
14-26w - develop limbs, organ/sensory systems, respiratory/nervous system
- rapid brain development; specialty cells form
94
What two responses develop in Fetal period A
startle response (loud noise) and rapid eye movement
95
Fetal period B (3rd trimester)
27-40w - grow wt/length, brain axons/dendrites/synapses form
| age of viability
96
age of viability
time when fetus can survive outside uterus after birth, natural or induced, when supported by up to date medicine
28w in USA
97
Teratology
study of influence of harmful substances and events on fetus
98
Teratogen
substance of event that's harmful to fetus
99
Critical periods
each organ has sensitive period in D when is more susceptible to damage from teratogens
100
Dose-response
greater dose of teratogens, more damage to development
101
Individual differences in teratogen effects
vary in susceptibility to each teratogen based on genetic makeup of organism and mom e.g. drinking mom w/healthy vs. compromised liver
102
Complicated effects of teratogens
one teratogen can harm many different fetal systems or have sleeper effect
103
Sleeper effect and e.g.
teratogen does harm but harm no show until later in life e.g. DES baby girls
104
DES baby girls
DES drug given to reduce miscarriages - around 11-27yo, daughter gets rare cancer
105
Non/Prescription drugs - teratogen
Pre: Thalidomide (for morning sickness) and isotretinoin (accutaine)
Non: diet pills/cold remedies, alcohol
hard research due to confounding variables
106
Alcohol - teratogen
1 drink/day = LBW, premature, cognitive impariment
| FAS
107
Fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS)
moderate to heavy drinking associated w/ID, visuospatial/language/motor coordination/executive fxn deficits
108
Cigarettes (direct or secondary exposure)- teratogen
death, premature, LBW, heart/lung problems, SIDS, child behavior/attention/ID
109
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
110
Marijuana - teratogen
LBW, executive fxn problems, smaller cortex
111
Cocaine/heroin teratogen
LBW, reduced brain vol., DEC attention/arousal/self-regulation
lots of confounds
deficits later in life = small but measurable (cognitively)
112
Maternal Illness - MMR/chicken pox while pregnant - teratogen
LBW, cognitive/executive fxn deficits, ID, missing limbs, death
113
Maternal illness - STIS - teratogen
hepatitis, syphillis, gonorrhea can all be passed to fetus by fluids
114
Environmental hazards - teratogen
```
heavy metals (lead/mercury) - LBW, ID
most defects in LDCs
```
115
Nutrition - teratogen
impacts from conception to 2nd bday - lower IQ, obesity, hypertension, diabetes
116
Maternal stress - teratogen
LBW, premature, longer postpartum hospitalization
117
Maternal age - teratogen
older eggs so miscarry/stillbirth, hypertension/diabetes, LBW, premature birth
- downs risk increase @40
118
Poor prenatal care leads to
LBW, premature, infant mortality in 1st year
119
Barrier to prenatal care
poverty, insurance/transportation lack, young kids, depression
120
Latino paradox
latina moms lack prenatal care but have good birth outcomes due to personalismo (strong female community support), healthy traditional diets, and marianismo (traditional devotion to maternal role)
121
Where are kids born?
in hospital or at home w/midwife - same rate of poor outcomes
varies by culture
122
3 stages of labor
dilation/active labor, delivery, delivery of placenta
123
Dilation/active labor
hours to days, end of stage very painful (contractions)
| - epidural or other pain relief
124
Delivery of baby
minutes to hours, push, head most difficult
125
Delivery of placenta
w/in 30m of baby, has contractions so push
| examine for abnormalities
126
Cesarean delivery
30% in US, for breech (feet first) risk to mom and baby, no long term effects
127
APGAR scale
assessment of newborns - appearancce (pink not blue) pulse (>100), grimace (or cry not flat) activity (active) respiration (crying/moving not still)
128
Perceptual capacities of newborn
well developed taste/smell - smells milk in nipples
| - limited vision, remarkable auditory capacity
129
Patterns of arousal - newborn
sleep, wakefulness, feeding
| 70% sleep, 30% feed/cry
130
Sleep cycles comparatively
newborns REM 50% compared to adult 20%, less waking stimulation = more REM, healthy form of self-stimulation
131
LBW infants
normal ~8lbs, low <5.5, >risk of breathing/feeding problem; later in life can be CP, blind, deaf, lower IQ
132
Extremely LBW infants <1lb 1oz
need NICU for breathing/warmth/IV feeding; also death, poor bonding, emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, poor hearing
133
Kangaroo care
good for LBW - naked baby on mom's chest all day/night
