EXAM 1 - Ch. 1,3,4,5 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
5 themes of biology?
A
organization (emergent prop.)
information (DNA)
energy & matter (sun)
interactions
EVOLUTION (overarching theme!)
2
Q
Evolution explains _____ & ______.
A
unity - diversity
3
Q
Water’s emergent properties: cohesion & _____, has a high specific ______, is a good ______, and expands when it ______.
A
adhesion - heat - solvent - freezes
4
Q
Water’s versatility as a solvent has to do w/ it’s ______ & ability to form _______ bonds.
A
polarity (very polar) - hydrogen
5
Q
Water has _____ covalent bonds between H-O. Oxygen is more ________, so it pulls the electrons of H towards itself.
A
polar - electonegative
6
Q
Water: H’s have a partial ____ and the O has a partial ______.
A
H = (+) and O = (-)
7
Q
Why does carbon form an enormous variety of biological molecules?
A
It can make 4 bonds w/ atoms or goups of atoms.
8
Q
How many valences in each H - O - N - C?
A
H = 1, O = 2, N = 3, C = 4
9
Q
Subatomic particle: atomic number = number of _____.
A
protons
10
Q
Subatomic particle: mass number = ______ + ________.
A
protons + neutrons
11
Q
Covalent bond is ______ of a pair of ________ between two atoms.
A
sharing - electrons
12
Q
The more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it _____ _______ _______ towards itself.
A
pulls shared electrons
13
Q
If 2 atoms are so _______ in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner, what type of bond is this?
A
unequal - ionic
14
Q
Isomers are chemicals with the same ______ formula but different _______ and properties.
A
molecular - structures
15
Q
Enantiomers, a type of _______, are described as a ______ image of each other.
A
Isomer - mirror
16
Q
A carbonyl group (C=O) is part of a _______ and _______.
A
ketone - aldehyde
17
Q
A carboxyl group (–COOH) is part of a ________ acid.
A
carboxylic
18
Q
An amine has an amino group and its formula is ______.
A
–NH2
19
Q
A sulfhydryl group (–SH) is a _____.
A
thiol
20
Q
Carbon’s atomic mass is 12 (top) and atomic number (bottom) is _______.
A
6
21
Q
Oxygen’s atomic mass is 16 (top) and atomic number (bottom) is _____.
A
8
22
Q
Hydrogen’s atomic mass and atomic number is ____.
A
1
23
Q
Nitrogen’s atomic mass is 14 (top) and atomic number (bottom) is ____.
A
7
24
Q
A ______ reaction builds a polymer by removal of _____. Is this catabolic or anabolic?
A
dehydration - water - anabolic
25
A ______ reaction breaks down a polymer by adding _____. Is this catabolic or anabolic?
hydrolysis - water - catabolic
26
4 examples of monosaccharides or monomers of carbohydrates?
fructose, glucose, ribose, glyceraldehyde
27
What functional group do monosaccharides have?
carbonyl (C=O)
28
3 examples of disaccharide?
sucrose, maltose, lactose
29
Sucrose (a disaccharide) is a dehydration reaction formed by _______ + glucose.
fructose
30
3 examples of polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, cellulose
31
Plants store polysaccharides in the form of ______.
starch
32
The simplest form of starch stored in plants with ______ linkages is unbranched and called ______.
1-4 & amylose
33
A branched polymer or starch stored in plants with _____ linkages at the branch points is called ______.
1-6 & amylopectin
34
Cellulose has a different kind of _____ linkages and is always ______.
1-4 & unbranched
35
What type of bonds between parallel cellulose molecules hold them together?
H-bonds
36
A & B glucose ring structures differ in the _____ of the -OH group attached to C1.
orientation
37
Alpha glucose ring structures -OH group extends _____ and beta glucose ring structures _____.
down - up
38
Amylose & amylopectin's 1-4 _____ linkages (-OH down) create a _______ structure.
alpha - helical
39
Cellulose's glucose monomers C2 -OH group is _______ which creates a ______ structure.
alternating - non-helical
40
What direction does the hydroxyl (-OH) group on C2 of cellulose's glucose monomers face?
alternating
41
Lipids are mainly composed of ________ and are mostly non-polar or ________.
hydrocarbons - hydrophobic
42
Fats consist of a ______ joined to 3 _______ ________.
glycerol - fatty acids
43
Glycerol is a/an _______, each of its carbons is attached to a/an _______ group.
alcohol - hydroxyl
44
Saturated fatty acid has ______ double bonds.
NO
45
Saturated fat has a very _______ melting point because its bonds are _______ packed. It is ______ at room temperature.
high - tightly - solid
46
Unsaturated fat has ______ double bonds and is ______ at room temperature.
1 or more - liquid
47
How many fatty acid chains do a fat molecule and phospholipid have?
Phospholipid 2 - fat molecule 3
48
What is attached to the glycerol on a phospholipid?
2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group
49
The phosphate group attached to the glycerol on a phospholipid is _______ charged, which allows it to interact w/ other charged or ______ molecules.
negatively - polar
50
Are all hormones lipids?
NO - some are proteins (i.e., insulin)
51
The precise primary structure of a protein is determined not by the random linking of _______ acids, but by inherited ________ information.
amino - genetic
52
Protein's secondary structure coils & folds are due to _____ bonds of the polypeptide ________, NOT the R group side chains.
H - backbone
53
2 types of protein secondary structure are alpha ______ & beta ______ ______.
helix - pleated sheet
54
Do tertiary protein structures involve backbone or R group side chain interactions? What types of interactions are they?
R group - H+, ionic, & hydrophobic
55
Strong covalent bonds called _______ bridges may reinforce a proteins _______ structure.
disulfide - tertiary
56
What determines a protein's shape? List 3
pH, environment, chemical solvents
57
Nucleic acids are made up of ______ monomers. RNA & DNA are ______ of nucleic acids.
nucleotide - polymers
58
DNA directs ____ synthesis and controls protein synthesis through _____; this entire process is called gene ______.
RNA - RNA - expression
59
Nucleic acids are _______ that exist as polymers called ______.
macromolecules - polynucleotides
60
A nucleotide is composed of 3 main parts - nitrogenous base, a 5 carbon ______, and 1-3 ______ groups.
sugar (pentose) - phosphate
61
In a nitrogenous base, there are ____ or _____ rings that include N atoms.
1 or 2
62
A NUCLEOSIDE includes a nitrogenous base: ______ or ______+ a five-carbon sugar: ______ or ______.
purine or pyrimidine - deoxyribose or ribose
63
Deoxyribose is in ______ and ribose is in ______.
DNA - RNA
64
Nitrogenous bases: name the 3 pyrimidines (single rings)?
cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)
65
Of the 3 single-ringed nitrogenous bases (pyrimidines), which ones are in RNA and DNA?
Thymine in DNA - Uracil in RNA
66
Nitrogenous bases: name the 2 purines (double rings)?
adenine & guanine
67
What ion concentration is highest OUTSIDE or extracellular side of the cell?
Na+
68
What ion concentration is lowest OUTSIDE or extracellular side of the cell?
K+
69
What ion concentration is highest INSIDE or in the cytoplasm?
K+
70
A/an _________ gradient and a/an ________ gradient together make up the electrochemical gradient for an ion.
concentration - electrical
71
An electrical gradient exists if there is more _______ charge on one side of the membrane than the other. The charge difference across the membrane is called the membrane _________.
(+) / potential
72
Under most conditions, cells have a ______ membrane potential, meaning that the inside of the cell has more negative charge than the outside. This is equivalent to saying that the outside of the cell has more ______ charge than the inside.
(-) / positive
73
The cytoplasmic side of the membrane is ______ in charge relative to the extracellular side because of an unequal distribution of anions and cations on the two sides.
(-)
74
Unlike charges ________ each other and like charges _______.
attract - repel
75
Negative membrane potential will have what effect on glucose into the cell?
None
76
Negative membrane potential will ______ the diffusion of Cl- ions into the cell.
decrease
77
Negative membrane potential will ______ the diffusion of Mg2+ ions into the cell.
increase
78
The diffusion of Na+ ions INTO the cell is facilitated by the Na+ ________ gradient across the plasma membrane.
concentration
79
The diffusion of K+ ions out of the cell is impeded by the _______ gradient across the plasma membrane.
electrical
80
The ________ gradient is larger for Na+ than for K+.
electrochemical
81
A signal molecule is also known as a _______.
ligand
82
There are 3 stage is the signaling process: 1) reception 2) ________ 3) cell ________.
transduction - response
83
Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because __________.
amplify the original signal many times
84
Signal transduction pathways allow ___(4)___ to respond ______ to the same signal molecule.
different types of cells - differently
85
Signal transduction pathways convert a signal on a cell’s ______ to a specific cellular response.
surface
86
Protein kinases activate enzymes by _______ or adding phosphate groups to them. Protein phosphatases _______ or remove phosphate groups from enzymes, including protein kinases.
phosphorylating - dephosphorylate
87
Signal transduction pathways are multistep pathways that include relay proteins and small, ______, water-soluble molecules or _____ called second messengers.
nonprotein - ions
88
The secretion of a signal molecule by a cell into the local environment, followed by a response by a number of cells in the immediate vicinity, is an example of ________ signaling.
paracrine
89
The two ___(2)___ backbones of DNA run in opposite 5'-3' directions from each other; this arrangement is referred to as anti-parallel.
sugar-phosphate
90
DNA's 2 strands are held together by _____ bonds between paired nitrogenous bases.
hydrogen
91
DNA: paired nitrogenous bases are thymine (T) + ______ and guanine (G) + ______.
adenine (A) - cytosine (C)
92
In single stranded RNA, there is hydrogen bonding to itself between nitrogenous base pairs adenine (A) and ______.
uracil (U)
93
In DNA, adenine pairs with ______ and in RNA, adenine pairs with _____.
DNA: thymine - RNA: uracil
94
Prokaryotic cells lack _____ and other membrane-enclosed organelles, while eukaryotic cells have ______-_______ organelles that compartmentalize cellular functions.
nuclei / membrane-bound
95
_______ can be found in cytosol or bound in ER and function in ______ synthesis.
ribosomes - protein
96
The endomembrane system includes the _____ that extends off of the nucleus, ______, sacs of enzymes called ______, and a large vesicle for water balance/digestion/storage called ______.
ER - GA - lysosomes - vacuole
97
Smooth ER is responsible for the synthesis of _____, storage of _____ ions and metabolizes ______.
lipids - CA+ - carbohydrates
98
What structure makes glycoproteins and aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes?
Rough ER
99
What structure has polarity (cis/trans), modifies proteins, synthesizes many polysaccharides and functions as a shipping center?
GA
100
What double membrane structure functions in cellular respiration and inner membrane has infoldings?
mitochondria
101
What 4 things do both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells have?
ribosomes, cell membrane, DNA, cytoskeleton
102
The cytoskeleton is composed of 3 types of molecular structures: microtubules, _______, and intermediate _______.
microfilaments - filaments
103
Microtubules are the ______ of the 3 and made of _______ polymers that form a dimer.
largest - tubulin
104
Microtubules act as compression-resisting ______, cell ______ (ex. cilia/flagella), and move ______ material around.
girder - motility - genetic
105
Microfilaments (actin) are the ______ of the 3, involved in cell motility for _______ type of movements (not flagella) and cell _____.
smallest - amoeba - division
106
Fibrous proteins coiled into cables (like keratin), tension-bearing and anchors the _______.
nucleus - intermediate filaments
107
This type of molecular structure (1 of 3) is involved in a disorder in the nuclear lamina that makes you age much faster.
intermediate filaments
108
3 types of cell junctions in animal cells?
tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
109
Tight junctions form continuous ______ around cells and a ______ that prevents leakage.
seals - barrier
110
_______ attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle. Some “muscle tears” involve the rupture of these.
Desmosomes
111
____(2)___ (also called communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and in this way are similar in their function to the plasmodesmata in plants.
Gap junctions
112
Nonpolar molecules, such as hydrocarbons, _____ and _____ are hydrophobic, as are lipids. They can all therefore _____ in the lipid bilayer of the membrane and cross it easily, without the aid of membrane proteins.
CO2 & O2 - dissolve
113
Polar molecules such as ______ pass slowly through a lipid bilayer. Even _______, a very small polar molecule, does not cross rapidly.
glucose - water
114
Passage of water molecules through the plasma membrane of certain cells is greatly facilitated by _______ proteins called aquaporins.
channel
115
The ________ gradient represents potential energy and drives ________.
concentration - diffusion
116
To explain the behavior of a cell in a solution, we must consider both solute ______ and membrane ______. Both factors are taken into account in the concept of ______.
concentration - permeability - tonicity
117
Animal cells (no cell wall) do best in an _____ environment, whereas, plant cells do best in a ______ environment.
isotonic - hypotonic
118
Hypertonic (hyper = more) solution has ______ solutes compared to the cell and water will ______ the cell.
more - leave
119
Hypotonic solution has ______ solutes compared to the cell and water will ______ the cell.
less - enter
120
An electrogenic (or proton) pump is a _______ protein that generates ______ across a membrane.
transport - voltage
121
The cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of _______ with the plasma membrane; this process is called exocytosis.
vesicles
122
The cell takes in molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. What is this called?
endocytosis
123
3 mechanisms of endocytosis? 1) phagocytosis 2) _________ and 3) receptor-_______ endocytosis.
pinocytosis - mediated
124
A ______ is a cell-surface transmembrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein, a protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP, which is similar to ATP
G-coupled protein receptor
125
A _____ control is a group that receives a treatment that is known to produce results similar to those predicted by the hypothesis. This is done to detect problems with the experiment.
Positive
126
A ______ control is a group that was not treated or tested and isn’t expected to produce results.
Negative
127
The Fluid Mosaic Model describes…
The fluidity and selective permeability of the plasma membrane - protection from external world but also allows necessary (polar and/or big) molecules into the cell via proteins.
128
Sense of smell works by detection of _____ via chemical _______ in the skin cells. The chemicals in the air _______ across the membrane. Odor ______ neurons send the signals to the olfactory bulbs.
Chemicals - receptors
dissolve - receptor
129
Signal transduction pathway:
1) ______ binds to cell surface receptor.
2) cell activates and ______ shape which can make it active as an _______ or ______ other molecules, which sets off a series of signaling events.
Ligand - changes - enzyme - bind
130
Cholesterol ______ membrane fluidity at moderate temps by reducing phospholipid movement. However, at low temps, it ______ solidification by disrupting packing.
Reduces - hinders
131
The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the _____ of _____ it’s made of.
Types - lipids
132
As temperature decreases, the membrane remains fluid to a lower temp of it is rich in ________ hydrocarbon tails, because the tails cannot pack as tightly together.
Unsaturated
