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Bioethics Exams > Exam 1, ch 1-3 > Flashcards

Exam 1, ch 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 main branches of bioethics

A

Normative ethics, metaethics, applied ethics

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2
Q

Definition of morality

A

beliefs regarding morally right and wrong actions and morally good or bad persons or characters

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3
Q

Definition of Ethics

A

study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy

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4
Q

definition of descriptive ethics

A

Study of morality using science- empirical facts

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5
Q

def. of normative ethics

A

search for and justification of moral standards or normal (guidelines everyone should follow, treat others how you want to be treated)

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6
Q

def. of metaethics

A

study of the meaning and justification of basic moral beliefs (what it means for an action to be right or for a person to be good)

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7
Q

def. of applied ethics

A

using moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues

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8
Q

4 types of moral norms

A

Normative dominance (overridingness), universality, impartiality, reasonableness

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9
Q

normative dominance and overridingness

A

normative- moral norms dominate (you should not steal)

Overridinging- you should steal if you can avoid getting caught

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10
Q

universality

A

moral principles apply in any and all relevant situations

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11
Q

impartiality

A

everyone considered equal- prohibits discrimination

a moral person is willing to live by the same rules they believe all others ought to follow

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12
Q

reasonablness

A

logic and commonsense constitute the main work- justified so your opinion isn’t “just because”

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13
Q

obligatory action

A

would be wrong not to perform it- paying taxes

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14
Q

permissible action

A

permitted but not required

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15
Q

absolute principle

A

applies without exceptions

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16
Q

prima facie principle

A

applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted (duty to be truthful to patients unless telling them the truth could lead to their death

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17
Q

Autonomy

A

Moral principle

person’s capacity to make their own decisions for themselves

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18
Q

paternalism - weak vs strong

A

Strong- when you make a decision for someone who is capable of making their own decision
Weak- making a decision for someone who are incapable of making decisions or incapacitated

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19
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Above all do no harm

most widely recognized moral principle

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20
Q

beneficence

A

actively promote the well being of others and prevent no harm to them

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21
Q

utility

A

we should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad (benefit over harm)
vaccinations- kill 2 but save 400,000

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22
Q

justice

A

getting what is fair and what is due

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23
Q

retributive justice

A

if you do something wrong whether you have money or not you are punished the same

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24
Q

distributive justice

A

fair distribution of societies advantages and disadvantages (equals should be treated equally unless there is a morally good reason not to, such as hiring someone who went to nursing school for a nursing job over someone who didn’t go to school)

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25
moral objectivism
view that there are moral normal or principles that are valid for true for everyone
26
moral absolutism
objective moral principles allow NO exceptions or must be applied the same way in all cases and cultures
27
ethical relativism
moral standards not objective but are relative to what individuals or cultures believe
28
subjective relativism
view that right actions are those sanctioned by a person "that might eb your truth but it's not my truth"
29
Cultural relativism
view that right actions are those sanctioned by one's culture
30
divine command
right actions are those commanded by God
31
natural law theory
view that right actions are those that conform to moral standards discerned in nature through human reason obligated to survive to pass along genes
32
argument
at least one statement (premise) providing support for another statement (conclusion) - a statement is a claim
33
deductive argument
an argument intended to give logically CONCLUSIVE support to its conclusion 1. all dogs are mammals 2. Rex is a dog 3. therefore, Rex is a mammal
34
inductive argument
an argument intended to give PROBABLY support to its conclusion 1. 85 % of the students at university are republicans 2. Sonia is a student at this university 3. Therefore, Sonia is probably a Republican
35
3 steps in evaluating an argument
1. study the text until you thoroughly understand it 2. find the conclusion 3. identify the premises
36
Modus Ponens
Affirming the antecedent (p)- valid 1. If p, then q (if the surgeon operates, then the patient will be cured) 2. p. (the surgeon is operating) 3. Therefore, q (therefore, the patient will be cured)
37
Modus Tollens
denying the consequence (q)- valid 1. If p, then q (if the does is low, then the healing is slow) 2. Not q (the healing is not slow) 3. therefore, not p (therefore, the dose is not low)
38
Affirming the consequent
1. if p, then q (if the patient is getting better, then drugs are unnecessary 2. q (drugs are unnecessary)- blanket statement that's not true 3. therefore, p (therefore the patient is getting better) invalid (consequent is if statement)
39
denying the antecedent
1. if p, then q (if the rate of infection is increasing, then the patient will die) 2. Not p (the rate of infection is not increasing) 3. therefore, not q (therefore, the patient will not die) invalid - the patient could still die even though the infection isn't increasing
40
straw man fallacy
misrepresentation of a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed if someone is okay with guns means you're okay with people killing each other
41
appeal to the person fallacy
rejecting of a statement on the grounds it comes from a particular person reject claims because of a person's character, background, or circumstance
42
appeal to ignorance fallacy
prove something by appealing to what we don't know A claim is true because it has not been proven false Claim is false because it has not been proven true
43
begging the question fallacy
trying to prove a conclusion by using the very same conclusion as support - circular reasoning The Bible says that God exists The Bible is true because God wrote it Therefore, God exists
44
slippery slope fallacy
arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitable to other actions resulting in the same dire outcome
45
Germ theory
theory that germs cause disease (5 sec rule)
46
moral theory
an explanation of why an action is right or wrong or why a person's character is good or bad
47
virtue based theory
focus on good and bad persons or character
48
Consequentialist theory
asserts that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or results what/how much good the actions produce, however good is defined
49
deontological theory
asserts that the rightness of actions is determined partly or entirely by their intrinsic value
50
utilitarianism
right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved always takes into account happiness and goodness happiness, pleasure, satisfaction is the classic view
51
act-utilitarianism
rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions weighing the effects of each possible act does this particular action maximize happiness think short term
52
rule utilitarianism
a right action is one that conforms to a rule that is followed consistently, would create for everyone involved the most beneficial balance of good over bad rule governing categories of acts adhere to the rules because they maximize the good even though the act may produce bad effects think long term
53
Kant's categorical imperative
command to do an act on all people regardless of needs, purposes, desires, or interests do this regardless applies without exceptions
54
hypothetical imperative
do something to achieve particular aims if you want good pay, work hard
55
respect for persons
kants categorical imperative act in such a way that you treat humanity never as a means but always at the same time as an end value humanity for what humanity is people have ultimate value bc they re the ultimate source of value for other things
56
element of rationality
performing a bad action to bring a good effect is never morally acceptable but performing a good action may be acceptable even if it produces a bad effect
57
doctrine of double effect
explain permissibility of an action that causes a serious harm, such as death of a human being, as a side effect of promoting some good end
58
nature-of-the-act
double effect action but be either morally good or indifferent
59
means-end
double effect bad effect must not be the means by which one achieves the good effect
60
right-intention
double effect intention must be the achieving of only the good effect with the bad effect being only an unintended side effect
61
proportionality
double effect bad effect must not be disproportionate to the good effect
62
contractarianism
moral or political theories based on the idea of a social contract or agreement among individuals for mutual advantage
63
2 principles of justice
equal liberty principle- everyone is entitled to the more freedom possible in exercising basic rights and duties- right to vote, freedom of speech BASIC LIBERTIES everyone has an equal chance to acquire basic goods opportunities to obtain benefits must be open to all
64
virtue ethics
focuses on development of a virtuous character- goal directed aspire to moral excellence- cultivate virtues that will make us a better person
65
ethics of care
takes into account emotional elements
66
casuistry
method of moral reasoning that emphasizes causes and analogy rather than universal principles and theories in the past we did it this way, looks at case studies to make decisions and doesnt start from them
67
superior theory
one that fares best when judged by generally accepted yardsticks (scale from like 1-10, how bad or good will it be)
68
Criterion 1:fruitfulness
theory makes successful predictions of previously unknown phenomena scientific criteria of adequacy
69
criterion 2: conservatism
how well a theory fits the established facts with what scientists already know
70
criterion 1, 2, 3
moral criteria of adequacy 1. consistency with our considered moral judgements moral commons ense 2. consistency with the fact of the moral life can't simply vent feelings- must be consistent with background knowledge 3. resourcefulness in moral problem solving if this is lacking there is no usefulness or credibly helps us solve moral problems

Bioethics Exams (1 decks)

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