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Phonetics > Exam 1 (Ch 1-4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Ch 1-4) Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

what is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

vital exchanges of gases for life support

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2
Q

pairs of letters (graphemes) may represent one sound
ex: bOOt, kEEp, iSSue, SHip, brEAk, crIEd

A

digraph

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3
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis?

A

protection of the airway when swallowing

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4
Q

Sound system of language, with linguistic rules

A

Phonology

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5
Q

consists of all the consonants that precede a vowel or is null

A

onset

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6
Q

sound at the end of a syllable arrest that syllable (or stops the syllable; final position of a word
ex: ho.teL

A

arresting

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7
Q

the center of a syllable (usually a vowel)

A

nucleus/peak

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8
Q

the larynx is inferiorly attached to the _____

A

trachea

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9
Q

A basic speech sound that has the linguistic function of distinguishing meaning

A

phoneme

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10
Q

produced with air moving through the vocal tract with some constriction or obstruction by the articulators

A

Consonant sounds

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11
Q

an increase in VF tension results in what to the pitch?

A

increase in pitch

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12
Q

how many vowels are there?

A

18

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13
Q

focuses on the differences in the frequency, intensity and duration of the various consonants and vowels.

A

acoustic phonetics

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14
Q

refer to any syllable ending with a consonant sound/s; these syllables have a coda

A

closed syllables

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15
Q

what is a part of the vocal tract (articulatory system)?

A

pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity

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16
Q

a consonant with a cluster within a syllables or across syllables

A

sequence

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17
Q

unit of pronunciation consisting of a vowel sound alone or a vowel sound with the consonants that precede or follow it

A

syllable

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18
Q

used to mark sentences as declarative or interrogative, place emphasis on certain words, or signal emotion

A

intonation (fundamental frequency changes)

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

what part of the tongue is used for some constrictions like “sh”

A

blade

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21
Q

what is the most important part of the larynx?

A

vocal folds

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22
Q

what system contains the larynx, voice source, and provides the vibrations necessary for voicing?

A

laryngeal/phonatory system (vocal folds)

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23
Q

refer to any syllable that ends with a vowel sound; no coda is present

A

open syllables

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24
Q

what are the 5 cartilages in the larynx?

A

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

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25
what are the 3 main branches of phonetics?
1. physiological phonetics 2. perceptual phonetics 3. acoustic phonetics
26
individual's ability to attend to the sound structure of the language apart form meaning
phonological awareness
27
the power sources is the ______ system
respiratory
28
during inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and ______
lowers
29
voicing; result of vibrating vocal folds
phonation
30
what is the primary/bulk of the tongue (2/3 of the tongue)?
body/dorsum
31
Words that vary by one phoneme to signal a meaning difference but MUST have the same number of phonemes
minimal pairs
32
what is the protective structure; attached to the thyroid, arytenoid cartilages, hyoid bone, and base of the tongue leaf-shaped structure attached to the upper part of the larynx
epiglottis
33
when air vibrates in the oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities causing certain frequencies of vibrations to be intensified or absorbed
resonance
34
syllable that contains at least one sequence ex: ask (VCC), spy (CCV), sprint (CCCVCC)
complex syllable
35
band of tissue connecting the inferior tongue and mandible
lingual frenulum
36
phonemic transcription is a broad or narrow transcription?
broad
37
what is the primary function of the laryngeal system?
prevents foreign substances from entering the respiratory airway with the closure of the epiglottis during swallowing
38
what an individual knows about a language's writing system
Orthographic awareness
39
what 3 things does the larynx consist of?
1. vocal folds 2. epiglottis 3. cartilages
40
what is the scientific principle that draws the vocal folds together?
Bernoulli effect
41
the larynx is superiorly attached by a ligament to the ____ _____
hyoid bone
42
word-medial consonants are assigned as the onset to syllable that follows it, applies to words containing one or more medial consonants
Maximum onset principle
43
what is the tip of the tongue called?
apex
44
sound at the beginning of a syllable releases that syllable (or begins that syllable) ex: Ho.Tel
releasing/initiating
45
variation of speech or language based on geographic area, native language, background, and social or racial-ethnic group membership
dialect
46
involves the study of the function of the speech anatomy during the process of speaking
physiological phonetics
47
this involves not only pronunciation of words, but also grammar and vocabulary usage
dialect
48
what system contains the lungs, power/energy source, and provides air flow necessary for speech production?
respiratory system (trachea and lungs)
49
Study of speech sounds
Phonetics
50
where are the vocal folds housed?
larynx
51
nucleus + coda = ?
Rime
52
more than one letter or letter sequences represent the same sound ex: to, two, too, through, though, clue, etc.
Allographs
53
with speech, exhalation becomes an ______ process
active
54
muscular tube that connects the larynx and esophagus to the oral and nasal cavities
pharynx
55
syllable that contains no consonants or only singleton consonants ex: eye (V), my (CV), I'm (VC), mine (VCV)
simple syllable
56
what provides the source of sound for speech?
vocal folds
57
what part of the tongue is important for shaping vowel and consonant sounds?
root
58
opening between the vocal folds
glottis
59
How many sounds are in the phonetic alaphabet?
at least 43
60
Variant productions of a particular phoneme
Allophones
61
what are the three physical parameters to describe acoustics of speech sounds?
1. time 2. frequency 3. intensity
62
record of major sound differences is broad or narrow transcription?
broad
63
50% of the consonant contacts are made with which part of the tongue?
apex
64
The study of phonemic differences between allomorphs of the same morpheme
morphophonemics
65
a single consonant or consonant cluster that follows the nucleus of a syllable
coda
66
a letter or group of letters used to represent one sound
grapheme
67
this refers to the allowable combinations of sounds in a particular language
phonotactic constraints
68
average rate of vocal fold vibration
pitch
69
this alphabet represents the sounds of words
international phonetic alphabet
70
what is the secondary function of the laryngeal system?
sound generator or sound source
71
phonetic transcription is broad or narrow transcription?
narrow
72
A metalinguistic skill that focuses on learning to understand, read, spell, manipulate, and combine morphemes.
morphological awareness
73
energy source that permits phonation to occur; without this there would be no voicing
respiration
74
when speaking, the percentage of time devoted to inhalation is ____ and exhalation is _____
10% and 90%
75
Consonant and vowel sounds that make up the words in a language
Phoneme
76
record of actual production of the word is broad or narrow transcription?
narrow
77
T/F: male fundamental frequency is lower than females
true: male = 132 Hz, female = 212 Hz
78
what is the secondary function of the respiratory system?
generate air for the production of speech
79
variation of a morpheme ex: catS, dogS, and horsES
allomorph
80
speech produced by air moving through a relatively open vocal tract; perceived as stronger sounds than consonants due to greater acoustic energy
Vowel sounds
81
an individual's awareness and understanding of individual sounds in a word
phonemic awareness
82
smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
morpheme
83
two letters that represent a single phoneme ex: sh, th, ch, ph
consonant digraph
84
segmenting words into syllables
syllabication
85
what system contains air-filled cavities and articulators that form speech sounds & the vocal tract?
supralaryngeal (resonatory/articulatory) system
86
airflow originates in the lungs and is called _____ air
pulmonic
87
what is the largest cartilage in the larynx?
thyroid
88
how do you change the loudness?
subglottal pressure changes, higher pressure = louder
89
sounds produced with a flow of air that moves outward from the lungs
egressive pulmonic sounds (primarily English language)
90
what are the two tools used for acoustic phonetics?
1. waveform 2. spectogram
91
when resting, the period of time devoted to inhalation and exhalation is ______
equal
92
study of a listener’s psychoacoustic response (perception) of speech sounds in terms of loudness, pitch perceived length and quality.
perceptual phonetics
93
a language's writing system; includes symbol-sound associations and rules for coming those symbols
Orthography
94
when was the most recent publication of IPA?
2015
95
any sound that the human vocal tract can produce; physical sounds produced by a speaker
phone

Phonetics (3 decks)

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