EXAM 1 (CH. 1-4) Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
6 Myths of Nonverbal Communication
A
- Nonverbal comm is nonsense
- Nonverbal Communication accounts for most of the communication in human interaction
- you can read a person easily
- if a person doesn’t make eye contact they’re lying
- Nonverbal differ from person to person, most nonverbal behaviors are natural to people
- Nonverbal stimulate same meaning in diff situations
2
Q
Linguistic Distinction
A
Verbal/language/arbitrary coding system
3
Q
Continuity Distinction
A
Verbal, discontinuous vs. nonverbal/continuous
4
Q
Processing Distinction
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Verbal/left vs. nonverbal/right
5
Q
Outcome Distinction
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Content/Congnitive vs. Affective/relational/emotional function
6
Q
Absolute Distinction
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Explicit/structured vs. Implicit/questionable meaning
7
Q
Nonverbal Behavior is a wide variety of behaviors also have the potential for forming
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communicative messages.
8
Q
If another person interprets the behavior as a message and attributes meaning to it, then it is
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Nonverbal Communication
9
Q
6 Functions of Nonverbal messages
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Complementing, Contradicting, Accenting, Repeating, Regulating and Substituting
10
Q
8 Categories of Nonverbal Messages
A
- Physical Appearance
- Gesture & Movement (Kinesics)
- Face & Eye Behavior (Oculesics)
- Space (Proxemics)
- Touch (Haptics)
- Environment (including olfactics)
- Vocal behavior (vocalics & paralanguage)
- Time (chronemics)
11
Q
Appearance is the first
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Message received where judgement takes place
12
Q
Attractiveness is a perception based on
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Physical attributes and features of people we are interested in
13
Q
3 Types of Attractiveness
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Physical Attractiveness, Social Attractiveness and Task Attractiveness
14
Q
Image Fixation
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A long term view a person has on their body image and is often a painful preoccupation with one’s body shape, size, height and so on
15
Q
Appearance Obsession
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Similar to image fixation, our self perceived physical attractiveness is related to our self esteem. Our opinion of ourselves is strongly affected by how we look.
16
Q
More women have image fixation syndrome than
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Men (but men are catching up)
17
Q
Personal Body Concept
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The perception you have about how attractive your body is and what you perceive to be the particular attributes of your body
18
Q
Somatyping
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Used to categorize individuals into one of the 3 major types
19
Q
Sheldon Nussbaum (experimenter)
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Experimental methods to relate body type to temperament
20
Q
Endomorph
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Oval shaped, heavy, large abdomen
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Q
Mesomorph
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Triangular-shaped, muscular, hard, firm, upright body quality
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Q
Ectomorph
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Fragile physique, flat chest, poorly muscles limbs
23
Q
3 psychological somatypes
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Viscerotonic, Somototonic, Cerebrotonic
24
Q
Viscerotonic (Endo)
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Slow, sociable, emotional, forgiving, relaxed
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Somototonic (Meso)
Confident, energetic, dominant, enterprising, hot tempered
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Cerebrotonic (Ecto)
Tense, awkward, meticulous, tactful, detached
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Taller height is preferred for men and sought after by
Women
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Height is associated with
Power and dominance
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Women are more weight conscious than
Men
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Desmond Morris States 3 Functions of dress
1. Comfort and protection
2. Concealment
3. Cultural Display
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We usually like people who are perceived to dress
Similarly as us
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Conformity in dress is related to our desire to
Be liked and accepted
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Popularity and liking are
Related to clothing
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Clothing serves as a symbol of
Status
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Gerenalization #1 about dress: Accuracy of judgements varies
in type of judgements made for sex, age, nationality and status
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Generalization #2 about dress: whether dress influences perception varies as a function of whether
You are strangers or acquaintances
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Generalization #3 on dress: our perceptions are initially influenced by dress and choices to
Interact are impacted by dress and general appearance
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Generalization #4 on dress: if someone dresses similar to us, we
Approach them and initiate interaction
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Generalization #5 on dress: if you want to be recognized as a part of a group , wear
Clothing that denotes the group
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Generalization #6 on dress: clothing can denote credibility
Level, consider the credibility we want to achieve with others
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Structural Approach (Birdwhistell)
Researchers view communication as a structured system and presume this system to be independent of the specific behaviors people engage in during a particular interaction
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Kinesics
The study of the communicative impact of body movement and gesture
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Bird whistell believes there are underlying structure to
Behaviors, a rule system that can be discovered. Behaviors can be broken down like sentences or words
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Dittman’s approach to kinesics rejects that all nonverbal behavior can be treated in the same way as
Verbal behavior
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Ekman & Friesan (1969) were interested in how nonverbal behavior
Functions in social interaction
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Ekman & Friesan believed that any classification of human gesture should be based on
Motions easily seen by any observer
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Ekman & Friesan were also interested in behaviors that influence the conscious level - movements can
Convey idiosyncratic or shared information
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External Variable Approach
Nonverbal acts that generate shared meaning are those most people in a given group or culture would interpret similarly (EX: the middle finger);
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5 types of gestures & movements
```
Emblems
Illustrators
Regulators
Affect Displays
Adaptors
```
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1. Emblems
Have direct relation to verbal translation, used intentionally, precise social and cultural meaning is attached to emblems.
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Emblems can signify
Agreement, disagreement, like, dislike, hunger, lust, stop, go, etc.
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2.Illustrators
Gestures closely linked with spoken language and help to demonstrate what is being said.
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Illustrators generate little to no meaning without
Accompanying speech (EX: turn down the TV is hard to decipher meaning from some movements)
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4 categories of Illustrators
1. Gestures are related to speech referent
2. Gestures that suggest that source’s relationship to the speech referent or explanation
3. Gestures that punctuate highlight and emphasize spoken word (holding two fingers up when asking for two mimosas)
4. Interaction gestures help source organize, manage, or direct conversation - in conjunction with speech
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3 types of illustrators
Baton, Ideograph & Pictograph
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Baton
Used to accent speech (EX: pound table when mad)
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Ideograph
Represent cognitive processing of speaker & used when we have difficulty putting thought into words (EX: snapping your fingers repeatedly when trying to think of an answer)
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Pictograph
Serve as drawing of images contained in speech (EX: drawing outline of female body while describing an attractive person)
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3. Regulators
Gestures that, along with eye and vocal cues, maintain and regulate back and forth interaction between speakers and listeners during a spoken dialogue.
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Regulators aren’t as intentional as emblems and illustrators and are learned
Gradually as an integral part of communication socialization process
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Regulators are ingrained
Habits that we are rarely conscious about
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Turn Taking Behaviors (Duncan)
Managing communication turn taking is the primary function of regulators
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Turn yielding cues
Direct body orientation, a forward lean, a beckoning gesture with hand or head that says “I’m ready to listen”, increased eye contact
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Turn maintaining cues
Are used when the speaker wishes to continue talking - usually seen when receivers are trying to interrupt
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Turn requesting regulators
Are used by the listeners to signal the speaker that he or she would like to talk
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Turn Denying Behaviors
Cues listeners use to signal that we decline our turn to speak
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4. Affect displays
Involves facial expressions but also include a person’s posture, the way they walk, limb movement and other behaviors that provide information about their mood
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Affect displays indicate both
Emotional reaction and the strength of those reactions
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5. Adaptors
Are highly unintentional behaviors that are usually responses to boredom or stress or are closely linked with negative feelings toward ourselves or others
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Deception Cues
Liars control head and facial movements, leakage cues differ among people, attractive people are good liars
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3 categories of Posture
1. Inclusive vs noninclusive
2. Face to face vs. parallel body orientation
3. Congruence vs. incongruence
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Dramatic Style
Expansive body posture associated with dominance, confident, forceful, active and enthusiastic
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Animated style
Exaggerated body motions while speaking
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Relaxed Style
Calm in anxiety provoking situations, communicates calmness, serenity, confidence, comfortableness
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Attentive Style
A style listening, immediate posture, forward leaning, head nods of agreement. (Makes speaker feel good)
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Human face is the primary tool for transmitting
Expressions of emotions
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Perspective 1: evolution & natural selection
Facial expressions as survival tool, face expressions allowed higher-order primates to transmit feelings, attitudes and emotional states
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Perspective 2: external factors
Although many basic or primary facial expressions are similarly decoded in many cultures, there are probably external factors
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Perspective 3: Innate & Learned
Behaviors are both innate and learned, primary facial expressions are linked to primary emotions from birth (SADFISH primary emotions)
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Masking
Repression of expressions related to emotion felt and replacement with expression that is appropriate (EX: pageant runner ups still smile)
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Intensification
Exaggerating what we feel
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Neutralization
Poker face, eliminates any expression of emotion
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Deintensification
Reduce the intensity of a particular emotion because circumstances require us to downplay how we truly feel
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8 styles of facial expressions
1. Withholder Style
2. Revealer style
3. Unwitting expressors
4. Blanked expressors
5. Substitute expressors
6. Frozen affect expressors
7. Ever ready expressors
8. Flooded affect expressors
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Withholder Style
Seldom have facial movement; neutralizing display constantly
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Revealer Style
Always show true feelings; high dramatic style
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Unwitting expressors
Thinks they are masking true feelings, but leaks information about feelings experienced - poor neutralizer, laughs when someone trips
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Blanked expressors
Ambiguous or neutral expressions even when they are displaying emotions
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Substitute expressor
Substitutes one expression for another; thinks showing happiness but showing disgust
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Frozen affect expressor
Manifests at least a part of a particular emotional expression. (Wearing a permanent mask of an emotion)
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Ever ready expressors
Display one emotion initially (good news or bad) , followed by a more revealing expression
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Flooded affect expressors
Flood their faces constantly with a particular emotion. Never appear neutral. Faces express intense fear even when occasion is happy.
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(Ekman, Friesan, & Thomkins, 1971) way to locate and evaluate facial expressions called
FAST (facial affect scoring technique)
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FAST is separated into 3 areas of the face
1. Eyebrows and forehead
2. Eyes and eyelids
3. Lower face: cheeks, nose and mouth
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Facial Blends
Multiple emotions
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Affect Blends
And partials may be responsible for many cultural differences found in emotional expressions
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Partials
Involve revealing an emotion in only one area of face while successfully controlling other two areas.
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Mehrabian (Immediacy)
Studies show that movement like forward leaning, close proximity, open arms and body orientation can influence whether a person likes you
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(S.C.A.D.F.I.S.H) Emotions
Sadness, Contempt, Angry, Disgust, Fear, Interest, Surprised, Happy
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C.L.E.M.S
Conjugate Lateral Eye Movement; Eye Shifting
