Exam 1 Ch 1 - 7 Flashcards
(226 cards)
1
Q
Different ways of getting info is known as ______ of _____ ______.
A
Methods of acquiring knowledge.
2
Q
This method of acquiring knowledge uses superstition, or knowledge that has ‘always been believed’.
A
Method of tenacity.
3
Q
What corporate group uses the method of tenacity?
A
Advertisers.
4
Q
“Opposites attract” is knowledge that has ‘always been believed; which method of acquiring knowledge is it?
A
Method of tenacity.
5
Q
This method of acquiring knowledge is based on ‘gut feelings’, a conscience, or a ‘little voice saying something doesn’t feel right’.
A
Method of intuition.
6
Q
This method of acquiring knowledge is based on relying on an expert.
A
Method of authority.
7
Q
This subcategory of the method of authority is based on people having unquestioning trust in an authority figure without doubt or challenge.
A
Method of faith.
8
Q
T or F: The method of faith applies only to religions.
A
False! Parents, politicians, doctors, etc.
9
Q
This method of acquiring knowledge uses logical reasoning to find answers.
A
Rational method.
10
Q
The rational method uses an ______ which starts with ______ statements and uses logic to come to a _______.
A
argument; premise; conclusion.
11
Q
An argument is a set of _____ _____ that yield a ______.
A
Premise statements; conclusion.
12
Q
T or F: In an argument, if premise statements are true, then the conclusion is true.
A
True!!
13
Q
Sentence(s) used in logical reasoning that describe facts or assumptions that are presumed to be true are know as ______ ______.
A
Premise statements.
14
Q
People employ the _______ method when thinking through a problem before deciding on a solution.
A
Rational.
15
Q
The empirical method of acquiring knowledge uses ________ and direct ________ ________.
A
observation and direct sensory experiences.
16
Q
Rationalism claims that _____ and ____ are the sources of knowledge; but empiricism claims that _______ is the source of knowledge.
A
logic and reason; experience.
17
Q
T or F: empiricism ascribes to intuition, rationalism ascribes to proof.
A
False: empiricism = proof; rationalism = intuition
18
Q
T or F: Rationalists claim that knowledge is innate; empiricists claim knowledge is learned.
A
True!!
19
Q
A potential limitation with the empirical method is you can’t always believe what you see because observations might be _________.
A
misinterpreted (think superior mirage or retrograde motion)
20
Q
A potential limitation with the empirical method is sensory experiences can be swayed by ________. (fried worms vs. potato chips)
A
beliefs (in a blind taste test, you might prefer the worms, but gag when you find out what they are).
21
Q
When can the empirical method be potentially dangerous?
A
Trial and error situations where something dangerous is involved (trying mushrooms to determine toxicity).
22
Q
The scientific method is a method of acquiring knowledge that uses a ________ to make logical predictions and can be ___________ tested.
A
hypothesis; empirically
23
Q
The scientific method incorporates which two methods of acquiring knowledge?
A
Rational method and empirical method.
24
Q
Step 1 of the scientific method begins with informal _______.
A
Observations.
25
Induction uses ______ sets of observations to form general statements about ______ sets of observations.
small; larger
26
Which form of reasoning is being used in the following example: I've tried 3 different kinds of green apples, and they've all been tart, so all green apples must be tart.
Inductive reasoning (induction).
27
A characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals is known as?
Variable.
28
Step 2 of the scientific method is to form a tentative answer, AKA a ________, and identify your ______.
Hypothesis; variables.
29
A statement that proves a tentative description or explanation for the relationship between variables is known as a __________.
Hypothesis.
30
Step 2 of the scientific method is to use your _________ to generate a testable __________.
hypothesis; prediction
31
One hypothesis can lead to more than one _________.
prediction.
32
Deduction uses a _____ ______ as the basis for reaching a _______ about specific examples.
general statement; conclusion
33
Which form of reasoning is being used in the following example: It's know that everyone from Canada is nice. I met someone from Canada, so they must be nice.
Deduction
34
______ reasoning starts with a small set of examples and applies them to the larger set; _______ reasoning starts with a body of knowledge and applies it to specific examples.
Inductive; deductive.
35
Step 4 of the scientific method involves evaluating the ______ that was made using ________ _______.
prediction; direct observations.
36
In the 'cursing when in pain' / 'ice water' experiment, the predictions were what?
That people who cussed would tolerate pain more; or that there would be no difference between cussin and saying some bullshit word.
37
Step 5 of the scientific method uses observations to _______ or ______ the hypothesis.
refute or refine.
38
Three important principles of the scientific method is that it's ______, findings are made _______, and it aims to be ________.
empirical; public; objective.
39
Due to the structured, systematic method of observing, knowledge gained using the scientific method helps to prevent influences due to ______.
Bias.
40
What's the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
Quantitative research uses measurements to perform statistical analyses; qualitative research uses observations to summarize a narrative report.
41
Step 1 of the research process is to select a topic by doing what?
Searching/reviewing the literature.
42
Step 2 of the research process is to form a ______.
Hypothesis.
43
Step 3 of the research process is to define your _______ and determine how you will ________ them.
variables; measure.
44
Step 4 of the research process is to identify _______ or ________ and plan for their ________ treatment.
participants or subjects; ethical.
45
Step 5 of the research process is to select a research ______ which involves deciding the general approach.
strategy.
46
The research strategy is determined by the type of _____ _____ and ______ on what you are allowed to do.
type of question asked; limitations
47
Step 6 of the research process is to select a research _______ which includes the methods and procedures you will use to conduct the study.
design.
48
Step 7 of the research process is to _________ the study.
conduct it!
49
Step 8 of the research process is to _______ the data.
evaluate
50
Step 9 of the research process is to ______ the results.
report
51
T or F: in step 10 of the research process, if the results support your hypothesis, you are finished.
False - there is never a final answer.
52
In step 1 of the research process, exploring the literature is done to determine what?
To select a topic and identify questions on the topic that have yet to be answered.
53
Applied research vs. basic research: what's the difference?
Applied research is meant to solve problems, practical questions, etc; basic research is meant to add to the body of knowledge.
54
Which part of an APA paper comes from secondary sources?
The introduction.
55
The ______ portion of an APA paper summarizes past research (found during your literature search) and provides logical reasoning for your study.
introduction
56
Subject words are terms used to identify and describe the _______ in a study and can be used as keywords for searching a database.
variables.
57
Statement(s) about the mechanisms underlying particular behavior that organize and unify different observations is known as?
a theory
58
A hypothetical attribute that helps explain and predict behavior is known as?
a construct.
59
A procedure for indirectly measuring a variable or hypothetical construct is known as?
the operational definition
60
The construct hunger can be operationally defined by (list one of three examples and name the modality)?
Record how much a subject eats at specified time intervals (observation of behavior); survey participants on their level of hunger (self-report); measure blood sugar (physiological).
61
The 3 major modalities used to measure a construct are?
Self-reports, physiological measurements, and observation of behavioral actions.
62
T or F: Operational definitions cover all components of a construct and do not include superfluous data.
False! Many constructs, such as depression, have multiple components and would be too burdensome to completely operationally define. Also, sometimes operational definitions include components that aren't part of the construct.
63
Two general criteria that evaluate the quality of measurements obtained from an operational definition are?
Validity and reliability
64
Validity and reliability of measurements can be visualized with the use of a ________ __________.
Scatter plot
65
Consistency of a relationship between two variables can be determined by computing a ___________.
correlation.
66
_________ answers the question "are you really measuring what you say you're measuring (construct)?"
Validity
67
6 common definitions of validity: ________ validity is superficial and unscientific.
face
68
6 common definitions of validity: ________ validity is demonstrated when scores from a novel measure are directly related to scores from an established measure.
concurrent
69
6 common definitions of validity: ________ validity is demonstrated when the scores accurately predict behavior.
predictive.
70
6 common definitions of validity: ________ validity is demonstrated when scores from a measure behave exactly as the attribute itself.
construct.
71
When adding starch to a solution of iodine, the color of the solution always turns blue. This is an example of _______ validity.
construct
72
6 common definitions of validity: ________ validity is demonstrated when two different measures of the same construct show strongly related scores.
convergent.
73
When measuring fear of flying, researchers measure heart rate and behavior. If scores are strongly related, you have ________ validity.
convergent.
74
6 common definitions of validity: ________ validity is demonstrated by first proving convergent validity between measurements of a single construct, and then demonstrating a weak relationship between the construct of interest and a different (but perhaps closely related) construct.
divergent.
75
When performing a study on romantic relationships, the researcher shows that there is no correlation of scores between quality and satisfaction. This demonstrates ________ validity.
divergent.
76
______ is the stability or consistency of a measurement procedure.
Reliability.
77
A measure can't be valid unless it's _______; but it can be _______ without being valid.
reliable (x2)
78
_______ is the degree to which a measurement conforms to the standard method of measurement.
accuracy.
79
3 common sources of measurement error are ______ error (where there is no consistency of measurements made by the same person), _________ changes (rain one day, sunny the next), and _______ changes (due to a number of factors such as fatigue, hunger, etc.).
Observer error; environmental changes; participant changes.
80
_______ measurements are measurements that are taken one right after the next.
successive.
81
________ measurements are taken by more than one observer at the same time.
simultaneous.
82
_______-_________ reliability is a type of successive measurement where you take a measurement of each participant twice.
Test-retest
83
________-________ reliability is a type of successive measurement where two alternate versions of a measuring instrument are used to measure the same individual.
parallel-forms reliability.
84
A successive measure is taken of a participant to evaluate fitness by measuring hart rate using a stethoscope and remeasuring using a heart rate sensor. The intention is to evaluate _____-______ reliability.
parallel-forms
85
_____-_______ reliability is the degree of agreement between two observers who simultaneously record a measure of behavior.
inter-rater.
86
______-______ reliability is obtained by splitting the items of a measure (a test, survey, etc) in half, computing the score for each half, and measuring the degree of consistency between the two scores.
split-half reliability.
87
This scale of measurement strictly classifies qualitative differences between variables; it does not determine direction or magnitude of difference.
Nominal
88
The set of categories used to classify variables being measured is know as a ____ of _______.
scale of measurement.
89
This scale of measurement organizes categories sequentially; it determines difference and direction, but not magnitude.
Ordinal
90
This scale of measurement determines difference, direction (sequential), and magnitude, but it has an arbitrary zero point (e.g. temperature).
Interval
91
This scale of measurement determines difference, direction (sequential), magnitude, and has an absolute zero point (e.g. weight).
ratio
92
A potential limitation of self-reports is that validity is contingent on the participant's _______.
honesty.
93
A potential limitation of physiological measures is that the presence of monitoring devices creates an _______ situation.
unnatural
94
A potential limitation of behavioral measures is that validity might be undermined when the participant knows they are being _______.
observed
95
Regarding behavioral measures, it is best to measure (one/many) behavior(s) rather than (one/many).
best to measure many/a cluster; one
96
Using multiple measures to measure the same variable can be problematic due to the fact that two measures may not ______ the same way; and due to the fact that the statistical analysis is....?
two measures may not behave the same way and statistical analyses can be complex and not well understood by many researchers.
97
______ effect is the clustering of scores at one end of a measurement scale.
Range
98
A/an ______ is an external factor that can influence or distort measures.
artifact
99
This example of an artifact can influence the study based on the experimenter's expectation.
experimenter bias
100
An experiment was conducted using two groups of participants and one group of rats. The first group of participants were told the rats were smart; the second group was told the rats were basic. The rats were the same, but they did better solving a maze with the participants who thought they were smart. This is an example of _______ _______.
experimenter bias.
101
Experimenter bias can occur when there are variations in the tone of the experimenter's voice, known as _______ ____, or when there are variations in the experimenter's body language, know as ________ ____.
paralinguistic cues; kinesthetic cues.
102
Misjudgment of participants' responses in the directions of expected results is an example of _______ _____.
experimenter bias
103
An error in recording participants' responses in the direction of expected results is an example of ________ ______.
experimenter bias.
104
Experimenter bias can be curbed or eliminated by what two methods?
standardizing the experiment or automating it (e.g. with computer).
105
Single-blind vs. double blind...?
single-blind = the experimenter doesn't know the predicted outcome; double-blind = the experimenter and the participant don't know.
106
Any feature that gives away the purpose of the study (i.e. tips off the participants) is known as a _______ characteristic.
demand
107
Participant ______ (modification of participants' behavior) is especially problematic in the laboratory.
reactivity.
108
This form of participant reactivity is demonstrated when the participant responds in a way that is expected to corroborate the hypothesis.
Good subject role.
109
This form of participant reactivity is demonstrated when the participant responds in a way that refutes the hypothesis.
Negative subject role.
110
This form of participant reactivity is demonstrated when the participant responds in a socially desirable way (they want to be one of the cool kids).
Apprehensive subject role.
111
This form of participant reactivity is demonstrated when the participant follows the experimenter's instructions to the T.
Faithful subject role.
112
The responsibility of researchers to be respectful to all individuals who may be affected by the study is known at research _____.
ethics.
113
The two basic categories of ethics in any research design that must be considered are ensuring _______ and _______ of participants/subjects and ensuring ____ of reporting.
ensure the welfare and dignity of participants/subjects; ensure the accuracy of reporting.
114
The committee that examines proposed research for human participants is the?
Institutional Review Board (IRB).
115
The committee that examines proposed research for animal subjects is the ?
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
116
This set of guidelines was formalized after the trials of Nazis who committed atrocities against human beings.
Nuremberg Code.
117
This declaration was similar to the Nuremberg Code but was adopted by the Medical World Association.
Declaration of Helsinki
118
The study which sought to evaluate how far participants would go when "following orders" of an authority figure was ______ ______ _____ (participants were told to give electric shocks to confederates who were behind closed doors).
Milgram's obedience study.
119
In response to Milgram's obedience study ad the psychological harm it did to its participants, this association developed a formal code of ethics.
APA
120
This study which simulated a prison underscored the need to monitor the well-being of participants at all times.
Zimbardo's prison simulation.
121
What are the 3 main components of informed consent?
(1) Information about the study (without giving away the hypothesis); (2) ensuring the participants have a true understanding of the study; (3) ensuring the participants that their participation is voluntary.
122
T or F: an informed consent form must include the description of the procedure(s).
True
123
T or F: an informed consent form must explain the benefits a participant might hope to gain from the study.
True
124
T or F: an informed form consent does not need to disclose costs and economic considerations for participants.
False
125
T or F: an informed consent form needs to include assurances of confidentiality only when the study includes publishing participant's medical results or history; any other information does not require confidentiality disclosure.
False.
126
Passive deception vs. active deception?
Passive deception = keeping secrets / withholding info; active deception = intentionally misleading a participant or telling lies.
127
A person who pretends to be a participant in a study but is actually working for the researcher is a _____?
Confederate
128
Which association has identified 3 areas of responsibility for researchers with regards to deception including (1) justification, (2) full disclosure for pain or distress that the participant may incur, (3) and a full debrief as soon as participation is complete.
APA
129
The practice of keeping info or measurements obtained during a study strictly secret is _______?
confidentiality
130
Ensuring that participants' names are not associated with information being obtained from them is known as ______.
Anonimity.
131
The IRB is composed of scientists and ____-______
non-scientists.
132
Part of the IRB review is to ensure compliance with the _____ _____ (CFR title 45, part 46 which is based principles of the Belmont report).
the Common Rule
133
How many criteria guide an IRB review?
7
134
Research by qualified individuals, research that is justified, research that minimizes the pain or harm of subjects, and research that abides by federal, state, and local laws are all major elements of APA ethical guidelines that this board must ensure?
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
135
T or F: The APA has a set of ethical guidelines for the use and treatment of animals; however, these guidelines are not as stringent as the guidelines for human participants.
False; the guidelines for animals parallel guidelines for humans.
136
An IACUC must consists of which 3 category of members?
(1) Vet; (2) scientist that has worked with animals; and (3) a member of the public that is not affiliated with the research study.
137
Why do some researchers commit fraud?
They're under stress to produce - "publish or perish".
138
Fraud vs. error?
The difference is intent.
139
To help prevent fraud, research studies are designed to be ______, publications are _______ _______, and the consequences of being found guilty serve as a deterrent.
replicated; peer reviewed
140
The goal of a research study is to examine a ________, then generalize the results to the _________.
Sample; population
141
The group defined by a researchers specific interests is called the _______ ______.
Target population.
142
The portion of the target population that is easily available is the ______ population.
Accessible
143
The extent to which the characteristic of the sample reflect the population is known as _______.
Representativeness.
144
A sample with characteristics that are different from the population is said to be a _________ sample.
Biased.
145
What term describes when participants are selected in a manner that increases the probability of reducing representativeness?
Sampling / selection bias.
146
This 'law' states that the larger the sample size, the more likely the data will be representative of the population.
The law of large numbers.
147
Two basic categories of sampling methods are...?
Probability sampling and non probability sampling.
148
Name the sampling method: every individual in the population is known.
probability sampling.
149
Name the sampling method: the population is not completely known.
non probability sampling.
150
Name the sampling method: each individual has a specific probability of being selected.
Probability sampling.
151
Name the sampling method: the selection of individuals uses an unbiased, random process.
probability sampling.
152
Name the most common sampling method and whether it is probability sampling or non probability sampling.
Convenience sampling.
153
A study by Babcock and Marks (2010) showed that the average number of hours college spent studying is about 14 per week vs. about 24 hours per week several decades ago. What type of research strategy is used for this study?
Descriptive.
154
A study by Trockel, Barnes, and Egget (2000) showed that students who woke earlier had overall higher GPAs. What type of research strategy is used for this study?
Correlational.
155
A study by Muller and Oppenheimer (2014) assigned laptops to half of the participants, and pen and paper to the other half of participants, gave a lecture, and quizzed them after. The participants who took notes using a laptop did significantly worse on the quiz. What type of research strategy is used for this study?
Experimental.
156
The type of research strategy used depends on what?
The type of question asked.
157
The ______ research strategy quantifies variables for the purpose of summarizing findings and provides a 'snapshot' of specific characteristics.
Descriptive.
158
The descriptive research strategy does not attempt to describe?
Relationships between variables.
159
This type of relationship between variables approximates a one-to-one association (data clusters around a straight line).
Linear relationship.
160
This type of relationship between variables is non-linear, but still demonstrates a consistent relationship between two variables.
Curvilinear relationship.
161
As one variable increases, the second increases with it: name the relationship.
Positive.
162
As one variable increases, the second decreases: name the relationship.
Negative.
163
A bar graph demonstrates what kind of relationship?
General.
164
The _______ research strategy assesses the relationship between two variables, but does not offer an explanation for the relationship.
Correlational
165
The correlational research strategy has ______ value.
predictive.
166
The _______ research strategy manipulates one variable, measures another, and controls for all other variables in an attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationship.
Experimental.
167
This research strategy attempts to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables, but manipulation and control of variables is reduce.
Quasi-experimental.
168
The _________ research strategy attempts to demonstrate a relationship between two variables by comparing two groups of scores from two different groups of participants.
nonexperimental.
169
Correlational research strategy vs. nonexperimental research strategy?
Correlational = one person/group with two scores per participant; nonexperimental = two people/groups with two groups of scores (one per person/group)
170
In the quasi-experimental study evaluating a smoking secession therapy, what made the experiment quasi-experimental rather than experimental?
Reduced control: the participants were all smokers to begin with; the researchers can't take a group of random participants, make them addicted to smoking, then test the therapy.
171
A research strategy is determined by a particular _______ _______; a research design is a general ____.
research question; general plan.
172
An exact, step-by-step description of a research study is?
Research procedure.
173
A research design specifies group vs. __________, within vs. _______ participants/subjects, and how many _________ will be included.
individual; between; variables.
174
Validity is applied to the measurement procedure and is also applied to the _______ research study.
entire.
175
_______ validity is the extent with which results can be generalized to people, settings, measures and characteristics other than those used in the study.
External
176
The study by Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) where participants rated comic strips with while hold a pen with their lips or with their teeth demonstrates ________ validity.
External.
177
______ validity is the extent to which a study produces one - and only one - explanation for the results.
internal
178
What is a threat to internal validity?
a factor that allows for an alternative explanation for a study.
179
T or F: A research conclusion that is 'scientifically proven' is complete and can be accepted as is.
False - you must consider all elements of the study and conclude on your own.
180
Selection / sampling bias threatens _________ validity. Why?
external. Because the participants may not represent the gen. pop., therefore, the results may not generalize.
181
What is volunteer bias? What does it threaten?
People who volunteer tend to have characteristics that differ from the gen. pop. It's a threat to external validity.
182
The ______ effect occurs when participants respond differently than they normally would because characteristics of the experiment are unfamiliar to them.
Novelty.
183
______ _______ interference is a threat to external validity because participant responses are affected by an earlier treatment.
Multiple treatment interference.
184
This example of an order effect occurs when prior participation tires a participant.
Fatigue
185
This example of an order effect occurs when prior participation provides participants with the skills that influence performance on subsequent measurements.
practice.
186
Two examples of multiple treatment interference are?
fatigue and practice.
187
How can experimenter characteristics be a threat to external validity?
Some characteristics may cause participants to behave differently than the otherwise might in a natural setting, so findings might not apply to gen. pop.
188
This threat to external validity occurs when a pretest / assessment alters participants responses.
Sensitization.
189
A research study that is evaluating a potential treatment for depression asks participants to self-monitor. At the end of the study, the participants' level of depression has decreased, but it's due to the self-monitoring, not the therapy. What is this an example of?
Sensitization.
190
A researcher typically selects one operational definition and one measurement procedure - why is this problematic in terms of external validity?
The results might not generalize to other definitions and/or measurements.
191
A _______ variable is an extraneous factor that changes systematically with the IV and has the potential to influence the DV.
confounding.
192
T or F: all extraneous variables are confounding variables.
False.
193
A confounding variable is a threat to _______ validity.
internal.
194
________ bias is a threat to internal validity resulting from groups with noticeably different characteristics (than the target pop.).
Assignment.
195
________-________ variable is an environmental or participant variable that changes over a period of time.
time-related.
196
An external factor that can influence or distort measures is known as a/an ________.
Artifact.
197
Tactics that limit experimenter bias include _____-_____ and _____-_____ research studies.
Single-blind and double-blind.
198
Standardizing or automating an experiment can limit _______ ______.
Experimenter bias.
199
A _______ characteristic is any feature of a study that gives away the purpose of the study.
Demand.
200
A ________ __________ is a study that attempts to demonstrate that changes in one variable are directly responsible for causing changes in a second variable.
True experiment.
201
A study by Polman, de Castro, and van Aken (2008) included having 10yo boys play video games (1/2 played violent games, 1/2 played boring video games) and evaluating their behavior for aggression. This study was a true experiment because it established...?
cause-and-effect relationship
202
Four basic elements to an experimental study are manipulation, measurement, comparison, and control. Which of these elements is unique to experiments?
Manipulation (of IV levels) and control (of all extraneous variables).
203
A situation or environment characterized by the active level of the manipulated variable is known as a/an _________ condition.
treatment.
204
The possibility that two variables appear related when they are actually being influenced by another variable is known as the _______ _______ _________.
Third variable problem.
205
If a researcher measures weight and math skills for children 6 - 12 yo, they will find a strong positive correlation; but the increased math skills are likely due to educational level of older children. This is an example of the _____ _____ problem.
Third variable.
206
Difficulty determining which variable is the cause and which is the effect is known as the _______ problem.
Directionality.
207
Identifying the levels of the IV and creating corresponding conditions for said levels is known as _______.
Manipulation.
208
The primary purpose of manipulation is to allow researchers to determine the ______ of a relationship. A secondary purpose for manipulation of the IV is to help researchers control the influence of _______ variable.s
Direction (of a relationship); outside/extraneous.
209
A confounding variable varies _______ with the IV.
systematically
210
Controlling extraneous variables can be done by holding a variable constant (all participants of the same demographic), matching (groups of participants, environmental factors, etc.) to each treatment group, or randomizing (participants, time of day, etc). Which methods represent active control on the part of the researcher?
Holding constant and matching.
211
A major limitation of holding constant is?
It can limit external validity (as in when participants are all of the same age).
212
What limitations exists for controlling for extraneous variables by matching?
It's a very demanding process; can be impractical, time consuming, expensive, etc.
213
The intent behind ________ is to disrupt any systematic relationship between the IV and extraneous variables.
randomization.
214
A random process is one in which all possible outcomes are _______ ________.
equally likely.
215
A control group or control condition is one that involves one of which two conditions?
The no treatment condition or the placebo condition.
216
The no-treatment control condition provides a ______ for the measured variable (DV).
baseline
217
When a researcher observes a significant difference between a treatment condition and a no-treatment control condition, the difference may be due to the _______ ______, and may threaten internal validity.
placebo effect
218
Outcome research focuses on the _____ of the treatment, so the placebo effect is not as much of a concern. Conversely, process research focuses on the _____ components of a treatment, so the placebo effect is a concern.
effectiveness. Active.
219
Comparing the placebo control condition to the no-treatment condition reveals the _______ of the placebo effect.
magnitude
220
Comparing the treatment with the placebo control condition reveals...?
How effective the treatment is beyond the placebo effect.
221
_________ checks are performed to ensure accurate creations of levels of the IV.
Manipulation checks.
222
A controlled environment increases ________ validity, but it comes at a risk to ________ validity due to the unnatural environment created.
internal validity; risk to external validity
223
Creation of conditions that attempt to duplicate the natural environment is called?
Simulation.
224
Experimental realism vs. mundane realism?
Experimental realism = duplication of the natural environment via psychological aspects of a simulation; mundane realism = duplication of a natural environment via physical aspects of the simulation.
225
What is a disadvantage to doing field studies?
Loss of control.
226
Concurrent validity vs. construct validity vs. convergent validity?
Concurrent validity = proving a new method yields comparable scores to an existing, accepted method. Construct validity = the measurement behaves exactly as the construct does. Convergent validity = two separate measures for one construct have strongly related scores.
