EXAM #1 (Ch. 1-7, 41) Flashcards
(270 cards)
1
Q
what is inverse square
how do you calculate it
A
radiation intensity decreases as distance increases
doubling distance decreases intensity 4x
intensity1 = (distance2)^2
/
instensity2 = (distance1)^2
2
Q
what is ionization
what are two ionizing electromagnetic radiations
A
breaking atomic bonds, adding or subtracting electrons (making it pos. or neg.)
x-rays + gamma rays
3
Q
what causes ionization
A
total dose
rate of dose
age
type of radiation
cell sensitivity
body part irradiated
4
Q
what is the difference between a gamma ray and x-ray
A
the origin
x-rays = tube
gamma = decompostion of nuclide
5
Q
what are the two major sources of radiation
A
1 natural sources:
cosmic rays: particles emitted by sun and stars
terrestrial radiation: emitted from deposits of uranium, thorium etc.
radionuclides: part of human metabolism, potassium-40
x-rays: largest source
other contributors: nuclear power plants, industrial sources, smoke detectors, televisions, and airport surveillance.
6
Q
who discovered x-rays and when
A
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895
7
Q
who invented flouroscopy and when
A
Thomas Edison in 1896
8
Q
who was the first x-ray fatality in the US
A
Clarence Dally
9
Q
[ * ] what are the three cardinal rules of radiation protection
A
time
distance
sheilding
• protective barriers
• protective devices
– 0.23 - 1.0 mm lead equivalent
10
Q
what is the dose limit for workers per year
pregnant women
fetus
A
- 00 rads worker
- 50 rads pregnant
- 05 rads fetus
11
Q
does stochastic radiation have a threshold
what are its risks
A
no threshold
random in nature
can cause cancer or genetic effects
occurrence increases with dose
12
Q
[?] the fetus is most radiosensitive at what time point of gestation
0 - 7 weeks
8 - 15 weeks
16 - 23 weeks
24 - 31 weeks
A
8 - 15 weeks
13
Q
where do we wear our badges
A
between chest and waist
14
Q
what type of badge do we wear
A
dosimeter
15
Q
what is exposure
what is the conventional and SI unit
what is the conversion to metric
A
number of ionization in a given quantity of air
conventional unit: 1 Roentgen (R)
SI unit:
C = Coulomb
1 Roentgen (R) = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg
16
Q
what is absorbed dose
what is the conventional and SI unit
what is the conversion to metric
A
measures amount of energy absorbed
conventional unit:
1 rad
SI unit: 1 Gray (Gy)
conversion:
1 Gy = 100 rad
17
Q
what is equivalent dose
A
absorbed dose and radiation weighting
18
Q
what is effective dose
A
sum of the equivalent doses of specific tissues
19
Q
1 rad = ___ Gy
A
0.01 Gy
20
Q
1 Gray = ___ rad
A
100 rad
21
Q
1 rad = ___ Gy or ___ cGy or ___ mGy
A
1 rad = 0.01 Gy or 1 cGy or 10 mGy
22
Q
describe the bohr atom
A
positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits
23
Q
what is the charge of a neutron
A
neutral
24
Q
what is the charge of an electron
A
negative
25
what is the charge of a proton
positive
26
which is bigger? proton or electron
proton
27
which is bigger? neutron or electon
neutron
28
what is atomic number (Z#)
distinguishes elements by number of protons contained in nucleus
29
what is atomic mass number (A#)
protons and neutrons combined
neglects the mass of an atom’s electrons
30
what is electron binding energy (Eb)
how is strength related
energy needed to eject electron from atom
related to how close electron is to nucleus (closer = less strong)
Eb increases as Z# increases
31
how do binding energies change based on what shell you're in and in what material (Z#) you're talking about
binding energies are stronger as the shells go further out
they increase with Z# (because the bigger the z#, the more protons, the more electrons, the more shells (octet rule))
32
what is an isotope
an atom with a changed number of neutrons
33
what are the types of ionizing radiation
particulate and electromagnetic
34
what is the relationship between electromagnetic waves and velocity
Velocity of all EM radiation is c
c = 3 x 10^8 m/sec
35
[ * ] what is the relationship (equation) between frequency and wavelength
velocity = frequency * wavelength
V = ν * λ
36
what is the relationship between frequency and energy of EM waves
energy = wavelength * frequency
37
how does energy affect the waves behavior
when do they act like particles
electrons exist in wave form until they are observed
38
what is wave particle duality
every elementary particle or quantic entity may be partly described in terms not only of particles, but also of waves
39
what is potential energy
capacity to do work due to an objects position
40
what is kinetic energy
work through motion
41
what is chemical energy
energy released through chemical reactions
42
what is electrical energy
work accomplished when electrons move through a wire
43
what is thermal energy
energy of molecular motion (heat)
44
what is nuclear energy
energy within the nucleus of an atom
45
what is electromagnetic energy
radiation
46
what is excitation
temporary elevation of energy
47
what is ALARA
as low as reasonably achievable
48
does deterministic radiation have a threshold
what are its risks
there is a threshold
cataracts, skin erythema, sterility
once threshold is surpass: an increase in dose will increase the severity of response
49
[?] when wearing a protective apron the personal monitoring badge should be worn...
under apron at waist
under apron at collar
outside apron at waist
outside apron at collar
outside apron at collar
50
[?] which of the following is measured in air
R
Rad/GY
Rem/Sv
KERMA
R
51
[?] which of the following is the product of absorbed dose and the radiation weighting factor
integral dose
equivalent dose
effective dose
equivalent dose
52
[?] which of the following categories does cancer caused by radiation fit in
threshold
stochastic
deterministic
stochastic
53
[?] which of the following is NOT a cardinal rule of radiation protection
time
low technique
distance
shielding
low technique
54
what happens if you change the Z#
you change the element
55
what is the order and electron capacity of shells
K, L, M, N, O, P, Q
| 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
56
what are alpha particles
how massive
travel distance
high energy helium
2 protons and 2 neutrons
large amount of mass and charge
can travel 5cm in air
57
what are beta particles
how massive
travel distance
electrons from decaying radioactive material
little mass and charge
can travel 10-100 cm in air
58
[?] which of the following types of radiation can't travel 10+ cm
xray
gamma
beta
alpha
alpha
59
[? REVIEW] what two things affect binding energy
distance of electron to nucleus
how many protons (more protons = more attraction)
60
[? REVIEW] what particle has lots of energy but little mass
neutrons
61
[? REVIEW] can we direct radiation (focus it)
no, we can just block it
62
[? REVIEW] if we're talking about particles, we have two types (alphas and betas) which is most penetrating and why
betas, they can go farther because they're lighter and have more energy
63
[? REVIEW] when we say that x-rays can ionate something, what do they change and what is the bi-product
they get rid of an electron
bi-product: radicals
64
how to convert Gy to rad
how to convert rad to Gy
if given Gy * by 100 to get rad
if given rad * by .01 to get Gy
65
what are the two types of personnel monitoring devices
optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter
poket dosimeter
66
[PQ1] Energy is measured in _____.
a. kilograms
b. joules
c. electron volts
d. B or C
d. B or C
67
Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of _____.
a. energy
b. radiation
c. matter
d. gravity
c. matter
68
The formula E=mc2 is the basis for the theory that led to the development of _____.
a. x-rays
b. electromagnetic radiation
c. nuclear power
d. cathode ray tubes
c. nuclear power
69
Radio waves, light, and x-rays are all examples of _____ energy.
a. nuclear
b. thermal
c. electrical
d. electromagnetic
d. electromagnetic
70
What is the removal of an electron from an atom called?
a. ionization
b. pair production
c. irradiation
d. electricity
a. ionization
71
The energy of x-rays is _____.
a. thermal
b. potential
c. kinetic
d. electromagnetic
d. electromagnetic
72
The biggest source of man-made ionizing radiation exposure to the public is _____.
a. atomic fallout
b. diagnostic x-rays
c. smoke detectors
d. nuclear power plants
b. diagnostic x-rays
73
The basic quantities measured in mechanics are _____, _____, and _____.
a. volume, length, meters
b. mass, length, time
c. radioactivity, dose, exposure
d. meters, kilos, seconds
b. mass, length, time
74
_____ is a special quantity of radiologic science.
a. Mass
b. Velocity
c. Radioactivity
d. Momentum
c. Radioactivity
75
Exposure is measured in units of _____.
a. becquerel
b. sieverts
c. meters
d. grays
d. grays
76
Today, radiology is considered to be a(n) _____ occupation.
a. safe
b. unsafe
c. dangerous
d. high-risk
a. safe
77
What does ALARA mean?
a. All Level Alert Radiation Accident
b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
c. Always Leave A Restricted Area
d. As Low As Regulations Allow
b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
78
The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is a(n) _____.
a. neutron
b. proton
c. electron
d. atom
d. atom
79
A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the _____ model of the atom.
a. Bohr
b. Thomson
c. Rutherford
d. Dalton
a. Bohr
80
What are the fundamental particles of an atom?
a. quark, positron, negatron
b. nucleon, electron, proton
c. proton, neutron, quark
d. proton, electron, neutron
d. proton, electron, neutron
81
An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of _____.
a. one
b. zero
c. positive
d. negative
b. zero
82
The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their _____.
a. atomic numbers
b. atomic mass units
c. shells
d. isotopes
c. shells
83
When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons, it is called an _____.
a. isomer
b. isobar
c. isotone
d. isotope
d. isotope
84
An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n) _____.
a. ion
b. molecule
c. isotope
d. isomer
a. ion
85
The maximum number of electrons that can exist in an electron shell is calculated with the formula _____.
a. 2n
b. 2n^2
c. 2/n
d. 2/n^2
b. 2n^2
86
The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter _____.
a. J
b. K
c. L
d. M
b. K
87
The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter _____.
a. A
b. X
c. Z
d. n
c. Z
88
Two identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called _____.
a. isotopes
b. isomers
c. isotones
d. isobars
b. isomers
89
During beta emission, an atom releases _____.
a. electrons
b. positrons
c. protons
d. neutrons
a. electrons
90
The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their _____.
a. energy
b. size
c. origin
d. name
c. origin
91
The four properties of photons are _____, _____, _____ and _____.
a. size, shape, spin, mass
b. frequency, mass, amplitude, wavelength
c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude
d. refraction, velocity, spin, amplitude
c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude
92
The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a(n) _____.
a. photon
b. electron
c. neutrino
d. quark
a. photon
93
What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?
a. 8 × 10^3 m/s
b. 2 × 10^8 m/s
c. 3 × 10^8 m/s
d. 4 × 10^3 m/s
c. 3 × 10^8 m/s
94
The rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its _____.
a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. wavelength
d. velocity
b. frequency
95
If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then its frequency must _____.
a. double
b. increase four times
c. decrease by half
d. remain constant
c. decrease by half
96
The intensity of radiation _____ in _____ proportion to the square of the distance of the object from the source.
a. increases, direct
b. decreases, direct
c. increases, inverse
d. decreases, inverse
d. decreases, inverse
97
If the intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (mlm) at a distance of 3 feet, what will the intensity be at 6 feet?
a. 0.4 millilumens
b. 1 millilumen
c. 2 millilumens
d. 16 millilumens
b. 1 millilumen
| think 1/4 of
98
The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its _____.
a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. velocity
d. wavelength
b. frequency
| Planck's E=h*freq.
99
X-rays are usually identified by their _____.
a. energy
b. velocity
c. wavelength
d. hertz
a. energy
100
Photons with the highest frequencies have the _____.
a. highest velocity
b. lowest energy
c. longest wavelengths
d. shortest wavelengths
d. shortest wavelengths
101
what is radiation weighting
what units
different ionizing radiation produce different biological responses
Rem or Sv
102
what is alpha radiation
the emission of an alpha particle from the nucleus of an atom
103
what is beta radiation
the emission of a beta particle from the nucleus of an atom
104
what is gamma radiation
emission of a high-energy wave from the nucleus of an atom
105
what is x-ray radiation
the emission of a high energy wave from the electron cloud of an atom
106
in the SI system, energy is measured in:
A. joules
B. ergs
C. calories
D. BTU
A. joules
107
when a ball is thrown into the air, the initial kinetic energy is converted into an energy form that is best categorized as:
A. electrical
B. chemical
C. nuclear
D. potential
D. potential
108
the relationship between energy (E), matter (m), and the velocity of light is ____.
A. E=mc
B. E=m/c
C. E=mc^2
D. E=m/c^2
C. E=mc^2
109
power is measured in
A. joules
B. watts
C. voltages
D. amperes
B. watts
110
the smallest unit of matter is most likely an:
A. atom
B. molecule
C. gram-mole
D. grain
A. atom
111
normal constituents of atoms are least likely to be:
A. neutrons
B. protons
C. electrons
D. photons
D. photons
112
chemical properties of atoms are most likely determined by the number of:
A. protons
B. neutrons
C. neutrons and protons
D. photons and electrons
A. protons
113
the relationship between the atomic mass (A), number of protons (Z), and the number of neutrons (N) is ____.
A. A=Z+N
B. Z=A+N
C. N=A+Z
D. none of the above
A. A=Z+N
114
the name of the innermost electron shell is ____.
A. A
B. I
C. K
D. varies with Z
C. K
115
the electron capacity of the innermost shell of any atom is ____.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 8
B. 2
116
electron binding energies are most likely measured in:
A. watt
B. joule
C. eV
D. horsepower
C. eV
117
the K-shell binding energy (keV) of oxygen is ____.
A. 0.5
B. 4
C. 20
D. 33
A. 0.5
118
the K-shell binding energy (keV) of lead is ____.
A. 25
B. 33
C. 70
D. 88
D. 88
119
the binding energy (eV) of an outer shell electron of tissue is most likely ____.
A. 1
B. 10
C. 100
D. 1000
B. 10
120
the speed of light (m/s) is normally taken to be ____.
A. 3x10^2
B. 3x10^4
C. 3x10^6
D. 3x10^8
D. 3x10^8
121
the velocity of an x-ray photon is proportional to the photon:
A. frequency
B. wavelength
C. energy
D. none of the above
D. none of the above
122
which has the longest wavelength
A. visible light
B. microwaves
C. radiowaves
D. x-rays
C. radiowaves
123
which has the highest frequency
A. radiowaves
B. microwaves
C. infrared
D. gamma rays
D. gamma rays
124
the energy of an electromagnetic photon with frequency (f) is proportional to ____.
A. f
B. f^0.5
C. f^2
D. 1/f
A. f
125
when a photon's energy is doubled, the photon wavelength will be:
A. the same
B. doubles
C. quadrupled
D. halved
D. halved
126
the fall-off of intensity of an x-ray source with distance is most likely called:
A. exponential
B. linear
C. inverse square law
D. quadratic
C. inverse square law
127
removing an electron from an atom is likely known as:
A. ionization
B. excitation
C. isometric transition
D. annihilation
A. ionization
128
the charge on an atom that has lost an electron is most likely:
A. negative
B. positive
C. neutral
D. positive or negative
B. positive
129
which of the following is not ionizing radiation
A. radiowaves
B. microwaves
C. visible light
D. ultraviolet
D. ultraviolet
130
which of these is not ionizing radiation
A. gamma rays
B. x-rays
C. visible light
D. ultraviolet
C. visible light
131
the energy of an x-ray photon (keV) in diagnostic radiology is most likely ____.
A. 0.5
B. 5
C. 50
D. 500
C. 50
132
the charge on an alpha particle is ____.
A. -2
B. -1
C. +1
D. +2
D. +2
133
the average distance an alpha particle travels in tissue is most likely ____ mm
A. 0.1
B. 1
C. 10
D. 100
A. 0.1
134
a beta particle is most like a(n):
A. atom
B. proton
C. neutron
D. electron
D. electron
135
the distance a beta particle travels in the air is most likely ____ m
A. 0.01
B. 0.1
C. 1
D. 10
C. 1
136
when an object travels a distance (d) in a time (t), the velocity is ____.
A. d/t
B. t/d
C. d^2/t
D. t^2/d
A. d/t
137
an acceleration of zero implies that the velocity of an object is:
A. increasing
B. decreasing
C. constant
D. indeterminate
C. constant
138
the relationship between a force (F), mass (m), and acceleration (a) is:
A. F=m*a
B. M=F*a
C. a=m*F
D. F=m+a
A. F=m*a
139
90°F on the centigrade scale is approx. ____.
A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
C. 30
140
transmission of heat is least likely to involve:
A. conduction
B. convection
C. radiation
D. transmutation
D. transmutation
141
observation and investigation of charged particles is known as:
A. mechanics
B. electrostatics
C. electrodynamics
D. statics
B. electrostatics
142
how would doubling one of the charges affect the size of the electrostatic force
A. have no effect
B. double it
C. quadruple it
D. halve it
B. double it
143
units of electric voltage are:
A. joules/coulomb
B. joules/second
C. coulomb/joule
D. coulomb/second
A. joules/coulomb
144
observation and investigation of moving electric charges is known as:
A. electrodynamics
B. electrostatics
C. induction
D. electromagnetism
A. electrodynamics
145
which of the following is most likely an insulator
A. copper
B. oil
C. silver
D. tungsten
B. oil
146
when 10 coulombs flow through a circuit at 0.1 second, the electrical current (A) is ____.
A. 0.1
B. 1
C. 10
D. 100
D. 100
147
electrical resistance is measured in:
A. coulombs
B. ohms
C. amperes
D. hertz
B. ohms
148
the relationship between the voltage (V), electrical current (I), and resistance (R) in an electrical circuit is:
A. V=I*R
B. V=I^2*R
C. V=I/R
D. V=R/I
A. V=I*R
149
domestic AC electricity in the United States has a frequency (Hz) of ____.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 90
D. 120
60
150
the phase difference in degrees of a 3-phase power supply is ____.
A. 0
B. 45
C. 90
D. 120
D. 120
151
what is the power dissipation (kW) when a current of 10A flows through a circuit of 100V
Power Rating (kW)= (current * potential) / 1000
A. 1
B. 10
C. 100
D. 1000
A. 1
Power Rating (kW)= (current * potential) / 1000
```
kW = ( 10A * 100V ) / 1000
kW = 1000 / 1000
kW = 1
```
152
what is the non-SI unit of magnetic field strength
A. gauss
B. hertz
C. ohm
D. candela
A. gauss
153
the Earth's magnetic field (uT) is most likely ____.
A. 0.5
B. 5
C. 50
D. 500
C. 50
154
an electromagnet most likely requires the application of:
A. electric currents
B. magnetic fields
C. mechanical forces
D. moving objects
A. electric currents
155
which type of magnet is easiest to turn on and off
A. natural magnet
B. permanent magnet
C. mechanical magnet
D. electromagnet
D. electromagnet
156
how would doubling the pole strength of two magnets affect the size of the magnetic force
A. have no effect
B. double it
C. quadruple it
D. halve it
C. quadruple it
157
how would doubling the distance between magnetic poles affect the size of the magnetic force
A. halve it
B. reduce to a quarter
C. double it
D. quadruple it
B. reduce to a quarter
158
to induce an electric current, a magnetic field needs to:
A. change
B. exceed 0.1T
C. last >1 second
D. remain constant
A. change
159
a rotor shaft of an x-ray tube is most likely moved by the use of a(n):
A. induction motor
B. rectifier
C. transformer
D. generator
A. induction motor
160
electrical power is most likely produced by a:
A. generator
B. rectifier
C. transformer
D. none of the above
A. generator
161
transformers are most likely used to change the magnitude of electrical:
A. voltage
B. resistance
C. frequency
D. power
A. voltage
162
transformers require ____ current to operate
A. DC
B. AC
C. rectified
D. constant
B. AC
163
if a transformer increases the voltage 100%, the change in electrical current is most likely:
A. +100%
B. +50%
C. 0% (no change)
D. -50%
D. -50%
164
a rectification circuit is most likely to consist of:
A. diodes
B. resistances
C. coils
D. electromagnets
A. diodes
165
define electrostatics
electric charges at rest
166
define electrification
from negative to (more) positive
167
define zero (or ground)
any excessive electric current will go through ground wire
168
[laws of electrostatics]
define repulsion-attraction
positive and negative are attracted
neg and neg repel
pos and pos repel
169
[laws of electrostatics]
what is inverse square law
force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
170
[laws of electrostatics]
define distrubution
charges reside (mostly) on external surface of conductors in attempt to repel from each other
171
[laws of electrostatics]
define concentration
the greatest concentration of charges will gather at the sharpest curvature of an object
172
[laws of electrostatics]
what dictates movement
only negative charges will move along solid conductors
173
[methods of electrification]
define friction
when one object is rubbed against another
174
[methods of electrification]
define contact
when two objects touch
allows electrons to move from one object to another
175
[*] [methods of electrification]
define induction
allows electric fields to act on one another without touching
(moves parts how we want them to)
176
[?} which of the following types of electrification does not require the two objects to touch
A. friction
B. contact
C. induction
D. none of the above
C. induction
| 92% of class correct
177
[electrodynamics]
what is electrodynamics
electron in motion or moving
178
[electrodynamics]
define current flow
electrons move from high to low concentration
positive to negative
179
[electrodynamics]
what is the quantity of electric current
current (mA = milliamperes)
180
[electrodynamics]
what is mA
what is mAs
milliamperes (electrons flowing, current)
total of miliamperes per second
181
[electrodynamics]
what is keV
force of electron travel
potential difference
control how energetic x-rays are
182
[electrodynamics]
what is opposition to current flow
impedance or resistance
183
[electrodynamics]
AC
alternating current
positive and negative pulse
184
[electrodynamics]
DC
direct current
continual
185
[electrodynamics]
what is current
electrons flowing
186
[electrodynamics]
what is potential difference
force that drives the electrons
area of higher and lower concentration of electrons
unequal forces try to balance
187
[electrodynamics]
potential difference unit
voltage
188
[*] just remember: high voltage is always a danger, even if there is no current
high voltage is always a danger, even if there is no current
189
[electrodynamics]
define resistance
amount of opposition to current
190
[electrodynamics]
what is resistance measured in
ohms
191
[electrodynamics]
what are the four things resistance is dependent upon
conductivity of material
length
diameter
temperature
192
what is a material's conductivity dependent on (4 items)
configuration of atom's valence and conduction band
insulator: conduction spaced out from valence
semiconductor: conduction and valence band close
conductor: conduction and valence band overlap
193
length in relation to resistance?
directly related to resistance
194
diameter in relation to resistance?
inversely related to resistance
195
temperature in relation to resistance?
directly related to resistance
| increased atomic motion due to increased temperature and prevents electrons from moving freely
196
[?] electrons flow from areas of ____ to areas of ____ charge
A. negative to positive
B. positive to negative
C. positive to neutral
D. neutral to positive
A. negative to positive
197
[?] the force with which an electron travels is
A. mA
B. keV
C. Sec
D. current
B. keV
| 87% of class
198
[?] which of the following reduces resistance in a wire
A. decreased length
B. decreased diameter
C. increased temperature
D. decreased conductivity
A. decreased length
| 67% of class
199
[*] Ohm's law
V = IR
V = potential difference (volts)
I = current (amperes)
R = resistance (ohms)
200
[*] Power EQ
P = IV
P = power (watts)
I = current (amperes)
V = potential difference (volts)
201
define magnetism
orbital magnetic moment (electrons spinning around)
spin magnetic moment (electron spins on its own)
magnetism is always perpendicular (90°) to charged electron
202
[magnetism]
what are lines of force called
unit?
lines of flux (closer = more strength, further = less strength)
SI unit = Weber (Wb)
203
[magnetism]
direction of flow (outside and inside)
outside magnet - north to south
inside magnet - south to north
204
[magnetism]
define flux density
measured in Tesla (T) and Gauss (G)
don't need to know: 1 T = 10000G = Wb/m^2
205
[magnetism]
what is earth's magnetic field
0.0001 T or 1 G
206
[magnetism]
house magnet strength
0.1 T (tesla)
207
what are the three classifications of magnets
natural
artificial permanent
electromagnets
208
[laws of magnetism]
inverse square law
force between two magnetic fields is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
209
rule of magnetic poles
regions of magnetism always exist as a dipole no matter how small it gets
210
three things inverse square law applies to three things
magnetism
electric fields
gravity
211
[QUIZ] Technologists wear a TLD type personnel monitoring device.
True
False
False
212
[QUIZ] The common property of all electromagnetic (EM) radiation is frequency.
True
False
False
213
[QUIZ] The wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is:
inversely proportional to wave velocity
directly proportional to wave frequency
inversely proportional to wave frequency
usually designated by the letter c
inversely proportional to wave frequency
214
[QUIZ] Time, Distance and shielding are the cardinal rules of radiation safety.
True
False
True
215
[QUIZ] Which of the following creates the most ionizations in air, and has a radiation weighting factor of 4?
x-ray
beta particle
alpha particle
they are equal
alpha particle
216
[QUIZ] If the photon (x-ray) frequency is increased tenfold, then the
velocity will increase times 10
velocity will decrease to 10
wavelength will increase times 10
wavelength will decrease to 1/10
wavelength will decrease to 1/10
217
[QUIZ] A technologist is exposed to 10 mR of radiation at a distance of 50 cm . What distance would result in an exposure of 100mR?
5 cm
500 cm
16 cm
160 cm
16 cm
218
[QUIZ] Background radiation accounts for 6 mSv of exposure, man mad sources account for ____ mSv of that.
1
2
3
4
3
219
[QUIZ] In the ionization process an electron is removed from an atom. In excitation the electron is moved to a/an ___ energy state.
lower
higher
incomplete
all of the above
higher
220
[QUIZ] Air KERMA is an easily measured and comparable factor used for entrance skin exposure.
True
False
True
221
[QUIZ] Which of the following units of measure are used for patient absorbed dose?
R
Sv
Gy
Bq
Gy
222
[QUIZ] The particles that distinguish one element from another are the
neutrons
protons
electrons
beta particles
protons
223
[QUIZ] Thomas Edison discovered x-rays.
True
False
False
224
[QUIZ] A gamma ray is created in ___ and an x-ray is created in ___.
nucleus of an atom, x-ray tube
x-ray tube, nucleus of an atom
nucleus of an atom, image tube
none of the above
nucleus of an atom, x-ray tube
225
[QUIZ] Visible light (moderate energy) acts like a ___ while x-rays (high energy) act like a ___.
particle, particle
wave, particle
particle, wave
wave, wave
wave, particle
226
[QUIZ] If an electron is gained or lost from an atom, that atom becomes
an ion
a new element
an isotope
unstable
an ion
227
[QUIZ] 0.05 Sv or 5 rem is the yearly occupational dose limi in the US.
True
False
True
228
[QUIZ] What unit of measure is used for the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor in the SI system
rem
Gy
Ci
Sv
Sv
229
[QUIZ] The theory that electrons circulate in discrete circular paths was proposed by
Bohr
Einstein
Planck
Rutherford
Bohr
230
[QUIZ] The maximum number of electrons found in any energy level (shell) at any point in time is
2
6
10
2n^2
2n^2
231
[QUIZ] Stochastic effects of radiation require a threshold dose before they are detectable.
True
False
False
232
[QUIZ] Which of the following describes a product of the absorbed dose, the radiation weighting factor and the tissue sensitivity?
Effective dose
Equivalent dose
Absorbed dose
Tissue KERMA
Effective dose
233
[QUIZ] The sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus is called the
electron number
atomic weight
quantum number
atomic mass
atomic mass
234
[QUIZ] Isotopes have ______ number of protons and ________ number of neutrons compared to a stable atom of a material.
the same, the same
the same, different
different, the same
different, different
the same, different
235
[QUIZ] Frequency and the energy of electromagnetic waves have a ___ relationship, as explained by Plank's equation.
directly proportional
inversely proportional
exponential
indirect linear
directly proportional
236
[EXAM PQ] The smallest unit of electrical charge is the _____.
a. electron
b. proton
c. neutron
d. neutrino
a. electron
237
[EXAM PQ] Electrification occurs through the movement of _____.
a. protons only
b. protons and electrons
c. electrons only
d. electrons and neutrons
c. electrons only
238
[EXAM PQ] Like charges _____ and unlike charges _____.
a. repel, repel
b. attract, attract
c. attract, repel
d. repel, attract
d. repel, attract
239
[EXAM PQ] Electrostatic force is _____ proportional to the distance between charges, and _____ proportional to the product of the charges.
a. directly, inversely
b. inversely, directly
c. inversely, inversely
d. directly, directly
b. inversely, directly
240
[EXAM PQ] The charges on an electrified object are distributed _____.
a. in the center of the object
b. on the side nearest the charge
c. on the topside of the object
d. evenly throughout the object
d. evenly throughout the object
241
[EXAM PQ] On the surface of an electrified object, the charges concentrate on the _____.
a. top side
b. underside
c. sharpest curvatures
d. smoothest curvatures
c. sharpest curvatures
242
[EXAM PQ] A _____ is a source of direct current.
a. wall socket
b. battery
c. generator
d. spark
b. battery
243
[EXAM PQ] What is the unit of electric potential?
a. watt
b. amp
c. volt
d. ohm
c. volt
244
[EXAM PQ] An electric potential applied to a conductor produces _____.
a. an electric current
b. a magnetic field
c. an electric insulator
d. both A and B
d. both A and B
245
[EXAM PQ] An alternating (AC) current is represented by a _____ line.
a. sinusoidal
b. horizontal
c. vertical
d. descending
a. sinusoidal
246
[EXAM PQ] A _____ uses direct current.
a. hair dryer
b. toaster
c. microwave
d. flashlight
d. flashlight
247
[EXAM PQ] Alternating current is produced by a _____.
a. battery
b. generator
c. capacitor
d. semiconductor
b. generator
248
[EXAM PQ] What is Ohm’s law?
a. I = V/R
b. V = I/R
c. R = VI
d. I = VR
a. I = V/R
249
[EXAM PQ] A charged particle in motion creates a(n) _____.
a. negative charge
b. positive charge
c. magnetic field
d. electrostatic charge
c. magnetic field
250
[EXAM PQ] Electrical power is measured in _____.
a. coulombs
b. amperes
c. volts
d. watts
d. watts
251
[EXAM PQ] Rubber and glass are _____.
a. semiconductors
b. conductors
c. insulators
d. superconductors
c. insulators
252
[EXAM PQ] The rotation of electrons on their axis is the property called _____.
a. magnetic force
b. electron spin
c. unified field theory
d. magnetic induction
b. electron spin
253
[EXAM PQ] When a group of dipoles are aligned, they create _____.
a. a magnetic domain
b. paramagnetic material
c. magnetic resonance
d. a north pole
a. a magnetic domain
254
[EXAM PQ] In the United States, alternating current goes through a complete cycle every _____ second.
a. 1/120
b. 1/100
c. 1/60
d. 1/30
c. 1/60
255
[EXAM PQ] What is the SI unit of magnetic field strength?
a. ampere
b. tesla
c. dipole
d. ohm
b. tesla
256
[EXAM PQ] The force between magnetic poles is proportional to the _____ of the magnetic pole strengths, divided by the _____ of the distance between them.
a. square, sum
b. sum, square
c. square, product
d. product, square
d. product, square
257
[EXAM PQ] What type of material can be made magnetic when placed in an external magnetic field?
a. diamagnetic
b. ferromagnetic
c. paramagnetic
d. nonmagnetic
b. ferromagnetic
258
[EXAM PQ] Like magnetic poles _____ and unlike magnetic poles _____.
a. attract, attract
b. repel, repel
c. repel, attract
d. attract, repel
c. repel, attract
259
[EXAM PQ] Water is a _____ material.
a. paramagnetic
b. magnetic
c. diamagnetic
d. ferromagnetic
c. diamagnetic
260
[EXAM PQ] The magnetic intensity of an electromagnet is greatly increased by the addition of a(n) _____ core.
a. wood
b. iron
c. aluminum
d. copper
b. iron
261
what is a magnetic dipole
an entire atom with a magnetic field (odd number of electrons)
262
what are magnetic domains
regions in which atoms tend to line up with their magnetic dipoles
263
what are diamagnetic materials, give two examples
repelled away from magnets and are referred to as diamagnetic
glass and water
264
what are two examples of insulators
rubber and oil
265
what are ferromagnetic materials, give two examples
when places in a magnetic field, their magnetic domains all line up with the field
iron and nickel
266
in solid objects, only ____ can move
negative charges (electrons)
267
what are insulators
electrons are strongly bound and not allowed to freely flow
268
what are semiconductors
a material in which conduction DEPENDS on specific conditions, like being hot/cold or charged/uncharged
269
if electrons are at rest they are measured by [coulomb/amperes]
if electrons are in motion they are measured by [coulomb/amperes]
rest = coulomb
motion = amperes
270
what are conductors
materials that allow electrons to pass through easily (loosely bound electrons)
