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COMD 2500 > EXAM 1 ch 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 ch 1 Flashcards

master test 1 material (81 cards)

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1
Q

Language

A

is a system of spoken or written symbols used by people in a shared culture to communicate with each other.

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2
Q

Morphemes

A

the smallest units of language that carry meaning (pre+ school =2 morphemes). They can stand alone as words or combine to make words.

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3
Q

Referent

A

the aspect of the world to which the word refers.

**Relation between words and referent is arbitrary

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4
Q

how is language shared?

A

by members of a community or culture. Language community shares a common language

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5
Q

Language System is conventional how?

A

when speakers make sounds, phrases, clauses, and sentences, they must abide by a strict set of rules.

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6
Q

Language is a tool for Communication, how?

A

process of sharing information.

Can be thought, feelings, and ideas
among two or more persons

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7
Q

Modularity

A

A cognitive science theory about how the human mind is organized within structures of the brain.

**Unlikely there is just one language module

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8
Q

Modules

A

Regions of the brain developed to process specific types of info.

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9
Q

Language expression and comprehension are?

A

Expression (production of language) and

comprehension (understanding of language)

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10
Q

language involves ____

A

words and sentences

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11
Q

Language is also a _______

A

Process of the brain that helps us communicate our

thoughts to others

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12
Q

Characteristics of language (4)

A

1 Set of symbols
2 shared by a community
3 conventional (rules)
4 tool for communication.

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13
Q

Word/ referent relationship is _____

A

arbitrary

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14
Q

Other ways language emerges (2) * hebrew and ASL

A

Geographical (Hebrew) or Sociological (ASL for deaf)

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15
Q

Communication is _______

A

the process of sharing information between 2 or more people.

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16
Q

what is unique about humans vs other species

A

Other species can communicate but we can use language

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17
Q

Modularity believes what about domains?

A

speech is domain-specific

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18
Q

4 ways of communicating language

A
  1. Orally communicated through speech
  2. Manually communicated via signed system
  3. Inner language
  4. Written language
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19
Q

how does speech work?

A

neuromuscular process by which we turn

language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air to a receiver.

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20
Q

Hearing system

A

sensory system that allows speech to enter

into and be processed by the human brain.

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21
Q

Definition of speech

A

Voluntary neuromuscular behavior that

allows humans to express language; essential for spoken communication.

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22
Q

Speech activation in 4 systems (PARR)

A

Respiration
Phonation
Resonation
Articulation

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23
Q

Model of speech production: 3 steps (PMS)

A

Perceptual target
Motor schema
Speech output/ongoing feedback

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24
Q

Perceptual target:

A

 Abstract representation of speech sound stream is produced (coming up with things to say)

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25
Motor schema:
(planning stage) Neurological brain systems produce a rough plan of the abstract representation. General instructions are fed forward in syllable chunks to muscle groups
26
Speech output/ongoing feedback:
(the action of speech takes place) Air pressure is modulated as respiratory flow is sent forward. Articulators and oral cavity are manipulated to produce.
27
speech and language are independent!! ..but what is their dependent relationship- Which depends/ doesn't depend on the other?
Language does not depend on speech. | Speech is entirely dependent on langauge.
28
Hearing is essential to _____ & ______
to both reception and | comprehension of spoken language.
29
Hearing, or audition of what two mediums?
perceiving sound either as general audio or speech.
30
Acoustics: _____
study of sound
31
Acoustic Sound Fundamentals: Creation of sound source:
Sound source creates vibrations in the air particles.
32
Sound Fundamentals: Vibration of air particles Pitch/ Frequency: ____ Intensity (loudness): _____
Frequency/pitch-- how fast particles move back and forth | Intensity (loudness)--- how far apart the particles move apart
33
Sound Fundamentals: Reception by ears 3 parts
 Outer ear  Middle ear  Inner ear, contains cochlea
34
Sound Fundamentals: Comprehension by brain. two types?
speech vs non-speech sounds
35
Left hemisphere
translates the auditory information sent through the ear and along the auditory nerve.
36
Speech Perception (different from audio perception)
Specialized processors in the brain evolved | specifically to respond to human speech and language
37
“Auditory overshadowing” (Sloutsky & Napolitano, 2003)
young child’s preference for auditory over | visual information
38
Co-articulation
overlap of phonemes in the production of strings of speech. Its more efficient!!
39
4 basic processes of communication:
Formulation Transmission Reception Comprehension
40
Communication must involve:
a sender(speaker) and reciever(listener)
41
Formulation
putting thoughts or ideas together for sharing
42
transmission
process of conveying ideas to another person
43
reception
receiving info from another person
44
comprehension
making sense of the message
45
Pre-intentional communication:
Pre intentional is communication that is unintentional, it is interpreted by caregiver.
46
Intentional (iconic) | communication:
transparent (obvious, not arbitrary) relationship between the message and its referent. if a child points to a toy its obvious.
47
Comm--3 basic purposes:
 To request  To reject  To comment
48
Three essential components of communication:
 A sender to formulate and transmit a message  A receiver to receive and comprehend the message  A shared symbolic system
49
 Types of feedback: Linguistic feedback is just ____
speaking
50
 Types of feedback: Nonlinguistic or extralinguistic feedback:
eye contact, facial expression, posture, and proximity
51
 Types of feedback: Paralinguistic feedback:
use of pitch, loudness, and pausing
52
What are the Major Domains of Language? (3)
Content Form Use
53
Content
meaning of language.
54
form
how words, sentences and sounds are organized to convey content
55
Use
how people draw upon language functionally for meeting personal and social needs.
56
Lexicon:
vocabulary system
57
Contextualized
language that focuses on the immediate context. The here and now! *I want that toy (pointing). You have to be there..
58
decontextualized
language with little reliance on the context for conveying content. a childs letter to santa must include a description because santa isn't there to see it.
59
Phonology (form):
branch of linguistics interested in the systematic organization of sounds in language. Govern the sounds we use to make syllables and words.
60
Phonemes are ____ _____ .
meaningful sounds
61
how many phonemes in american english?
39
62
Allophones:
subtle variations of phonemes that occur due to contextual influences on how we produce phonemes in different words.
63
Phonotactics:
rules governing how sounds are organized in words for each language. ex "ga" never follows "s" in our langauge
64
Morphology (form):
govern the internal organization of words. (Adds precision, expands vocab). ex. Adding prefixes to roots
65
Syntax (form):
Govern the organization of sentences. | Provides the structure to our utterances.
66
Semantics (content):
Govern the meaning of individual words and word combinations. (figurative or literal)
67
Pragmatics (use):
how language is used for social purposes. i.e. taking turns speaking, not standing too close to someone you're talking to.
68
Remarkable features of language: (SPURS)
```  Semanticity  Productivity  Universality  Rate of acquisition  Species-specificity ```
69
Symbolic (referential) communication:
arbitrary relationship between the entity and its referent. | think of the baby that says "bottle" when it wants a drink in general
70
What benefit does feedback have?
Prevents communication breakdowns
71
Rate of acquisition
"window of opportunity" first 5-7 years of life are a critical period for when language is most easily acquired.
72
Universality
All people apply equal cognitive infrastructure to the task of learning language. Timepoints of achievements is the same for all children throughout the world.
73
Species-Specificity
Language is a human capacity only.
74
Productivity
combining units into infinite novel creations. Begins at a earliest age.
75
Semanticity
Humans are capable of decontextualized communication with no boundaries on time or space. Semanticity includes an arbitrary relationship between a referent and the language used to describe it. **You can talk about a clock and people know what you mean.
76
children use 1 word and 2 word combinations at what ages
12 and 18 months, respectively.
77
Dialect
natural variations of a language by culture and/or geography. Either barrier can cause dialect.
78
Code-switching
interchanges between the syntax and the vocab of the language being learned.
79
simultaneous
develop languages concurrently
80
sequential
learning languages one after another
81
All language require similar or different infrasturcture and comlexity?
similar

COMD 2500 (3 decks)

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