exam 1: ch 1 and 2

Question 1

anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material of the universe

Answer 1

matter

Question 2

a characteristic that gives a sample of matter its unique identity

Answer 2

property

Question 3

a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means

Answer 3

element

Question 4

the smallest representative particle of an element

Answer 4

atom

Question 5

a chemical combination of two or more atoms

Answer 5

molecule

Question 6

matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties

Answer 6

pure substance

Question 7

substance composed of 2 or more elements united chemically in definite proportions

Answer 7

compound

Question 8

combinations of 2 or more substances in which each substance retains its chemical identity

Answer 8

mixture

Question 9

the observation that the elemental composition of a compound is always the same

Answer 9

law of constant composition (law of definite proportions)

Question 10

can be observed without changing the identity and composition of the substance

Answer 10

physical property

Question 11

describe the way a substance may change, or react, to form other substances (ie flammability)

Answer 11

chemical property

Question 12

properties that do not depend on amount of sample being examined (ie temperature, melting pt)

Answer 12

intensive property

Question 13

properties that depend of amt of sample (mass, volume)

Answer 13

extensive property

Question 14

change that occur with no change in chemical composition

Answer 14

physical change

Question 15

processes in which one or more substance are converted into other substances

Answer 15

chemical change (chemical reaction)

Question 16

an explanation of the general causes of certain phenomena, with considerable evidence or facts to support it

Answer 16

theory

Question 17

a concise verbal statement or mathematical equation that summarizes a broad variety of observations and experiences

Answer 17

scientific law

Question 18

a tentative explanation of a series of observations or of a natural law

Answer 18

hypothesis

Question 19

the general process of advancing scientific knowledge by making experimental observations and by formulating hypotheses, theories and laws

Answer 19

scientific method

Question 20

tera (T)

Answer 20

10¹²

Question 21

giga (G)

Answer 21

10⁹

Question 22

mega (M)

Answer 22

10⁶

Question 23

kilo (k)

Answer 23

10³

Question 24

hecto (h)

Answer 24

10²

Question 25

deca (da)

Answer 25

10¹

Question 26

deci (d)

Answer 26

10^-1

Question 27

centi (c)

Answer 27

10^-2

Question 28

milli (m)

Answer 28

10^-3

Question 29

micro (μ)

Answer 29

10^-6

Question 30

nano (n)

Answer 30

10^-9

Question 31

pico (P)

Answer 31

10^-12

Question 32

femto (f)

Answer 32

10^-15

Question 33

atto (a)

Answer 33

10^-18

Question 34

zepto (z)

Answer 34

10^-21

Question 35

a measure of the amount of material in an object

Answer 35

mass

Question 36

1 kg = ___ lb

Answer 36

2.2

Question 37

0°c = ___ k

Answer 37

273.15

Question 38

freezing point of water

Answer 38

0°c or 32°f

Question 39

boiling pt of water

Answer 39

100°c or 212°f

Question 40

formula for volume

Answer 40

mass / density

Question 41

formula for mass

Answer 41

volume x density

Question 42

formula for density

Answer 42

mass / volume

Question 43

numbers whose values hold some uncertainty

Answer 43

inexact numbers

Question 44

a measure of how closely individual measurements agree with one another

Answer 44

precision

Question 45

how closely individual measurements agree with the correct or "true" value

Answer 45

accuracy

Question 46

all digits of a measured quantity, including 1 uncertain one

Answer 46

significant figures

Question 47

zeros between nonzero digits are \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 47

significant

Question 48

zeros at the ____ of a no are never significant

Answer 48

beginning

Question 49

zeros at the ____ of a number are significant if the number contains a decimal pt

Answer 49

end

Question 50

the ____ of a cube is its length cubed (length)³

Answer 50

volume

Question 51

a fraction whose numerator and denominator are the same quanitity expressed in different units

Answer 51

conversion factor

Question 52

matter exists in ___ physical states

Answer 52

3 (gas, liquid, solid)

Question 53

homogeneous mixtures are called \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 53

solutions

Question 54

formula for faerenheit

Answer 54

1.8c + 32

Question 55

the basic building blocks of matter

Answer 55

atoms

Question 56

smallest units of an element that can combine with other elements

Answer 56

atoms

Question 57

atoms are composed of even smaller particles called \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 57

subatomic particles

Question 58

thomson's experiments on the behavior of _____ in magnetic and electric fields led to the discovery of the electron and allowed its charged-to-mass ratio to be measure.

Answer 58

cathode rays

Question 59

the spontaneous emission of radiation by atoms

Answer 59

radioactivity

Question 60

rutherford's studies of how thin metal foils scatter a particles led to the _____ of the atom, showing that the atom has a dense positively charged nucleus

Answer 60

nuclear model

Question 61

atoms have a nucleus that contain ____ + \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 61

protons, neutrons

Question 62

\_\_\_\_\_ move in the space around the nucleus

Answer 62

electrons

Question 63

the magnitude of the charge of the electron, 1.602 x 10^-19 C, is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 63

electronic charge

Question 64

the masses of the atoms are usually expressed in terms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 64

atomic mass units (amu)

Question 65

the dimensions of atoms are often expressed in units of \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 65

angstroms

Question 66

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 66

atomic number

Question 67

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons

Answer 67

mass number

Question 68

atoms of the same element that differ in mass number

Answer 68

isotopes

Question 69

the ____ of an element can be calculated relative abundances and masses of that element's isotopes

Answer 69

atomic weight

Question 70

the _______ provides the most direct and accurate means of experimentally measuring atomic (and molecular) weights

Answer 70

mass spectrometer

Question 71

an arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic number

Answer 71

periodic table

Question 72

elements with similar properties are placed in _____ columns

Answer 72

vertical

Question 73

the elements in a column are known as a \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 73

group

Question 74

the elements in a horizontal row are known as a \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 74

period

Question 75

comprise the majority of the elements, and dominate the left side and middle of the periodic table

Answer 75

metals

Question 76

located on the upper right side of the periodic table

Answer 76

nonmetals

Question 77

elements that form a line that seperates nonmetals and metals

Answer 77

metalloids

Question 78

atoms can combine to form \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 78

molecules

Question 79

compounds composed of molecules (\_\_\_\_\_\_) usually contain only nonmetallic elements

Answer 79

molecular compounds

Question 80

a molecule that contains two atoms

Answer 80

diatomic molecule

Question 81

the composition of a substance is given by its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 81

chemical formula

Question 82

a molecular substance can be represented by its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which gives the relative numbers of atoms of each kind

Answer 82

empirical formula

Question 83

a chemical formula that indicates the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a substance

Answer 83

molecular formula

Question 84

\_\_\_\_\_ formulas show the order in which the atoms in a molecule are connected

Answer 84

structural

Question 85

atoms can either gain or lose electrons, forming charged particles called \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 85

ions

Question 86

metals tend to ____ electrons, forming ____ charged ions (\_\_\_\_)

Answer 86

lose.... positively... (cations)

Question 87

nonmetals tend to ____ electrons, forming ____ charged ions (\_\_\_\_)

Answer 87

gain.... negatively... (anions)

Question 88

because ______ are electrically neutral, containing both cations and anions, they usually contain both metallic and nonmetallic elements

Answer 88

ionic compounds

Question 89

atoms that are joined together, as in a molecule, but carry a net charge

Answer 89

polyatomic ions

Question 90

the chemical formulas used for ionic compounds are _____ formulas, which can be written readily if the charges of the ions are known

Answer 90

empirical

Question 91

the total positive charge of the cations in an _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ equals the total negative charge of the anions

Answer 91

ionic compound

Question 92

the set of rules for naming chemical compounds

Answer 92

chemical nomenclature

Question 93

in naming an ___ \_\_\_\_, the cation is named first and then the anion

Answer 93

ionic compound

Question 94

\_\_\_\_\_ _____ have names ending in -ide.

Answer 94

monatomic anions

Question 95

\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ containing oxygen and another element (oxyanions) have names ending in -ate or -ite.

Answer 95

polyatomic anions

Question 96

the study of compounds that contain carbon

Answer 96

organic chemistry

Question 97

the simplest class of organic molecules is the \_\_\_\_\_, which contain only carbon and hydrogen

Answer 97

hydrocarbons

Question 98

hydrocarbons in which each carbon atom is attached to four other atoms

Answer 98

alkanes

Question 99

a compound in which an H atom of a hydrocarbon is replaced by an OH functional group

Answer 99

alcohol

Question 100

compounds with the same molecular formula but a different bonding arrangement of their constituent atoms

Answer 100

isomers