exam 1 - ch. 2-4 Flashcards by A Neri

Gas exchange occurs within the minute air sacs of the lungs called _____

a. alveoli

b. trachea

c. bronchi

d. terminal bronchioles

a. alveoli

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Boyle’s Law States that:

a. Given a constant temperature and pressure, increasing the molecules in a container will increase the pressure.

b. Given a volume of gas increasing the pressure on the gas will increase the number of molecules in the gas

c. Given a gas of constant temperature, if you increase the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained, pressure will decrease

d. None of the above

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The lungs are housed within the:

a. abdominal region

b. sternal cavity

c. diaphragm

d. thorax

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The functional unit of the vertebral column is the:

a. spinous process

b. vertebrae

c. lateral process

d. vertebral canal

b. vertebrae

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there are ___ thoracic vertebrae

a. 17

b. 7

c. 12

d. 8

c. 12

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there are ____ sacral vertebrae

a. 5

b. 7

c. 12

d. none of the above

a. 5

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the ____ processes form the primary attachment of the rib to the vertebral column.

a. transverse

b. costal

c. vertebal

d. posterior

a. transverse

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spinal nerves exit the spinal cord via the ____

a. vagal trigone
b. foramen magnum
c. intervertebral foramen
d. pterygoid fossa

c. intervertebral foramen

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C1 is termed the ____

a. axis

b. atlas

c. apex

d. none of the above

b. atlas

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the ______ forms the superior attachment for the inguinal ligament.

a. transverse process of S5

b. sacral ridge

c. pubic symphysis

d. iliac crest

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the pectoral girdle consists of the scapula and ______.

a. sternum

b. cervical portion of the vertebral column

c. clavicle

d. inguinal ligament

c. clavicle

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there are _____ true ribs.

a. 12

b. 7

c. 5

d. 3

b. 7

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A relative increase in air pressure over atmospheric pressure is known as ________ pressure.

positive

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the ___________ of the sternum is the point of attachment for the fast rib and clavicle

manubrium

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the _____________ process is the inferior-most aspect of the sternum

ensiform of xiphoid

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The ________ is the point of bifurcation of the trachea.

carina or carina tracheae

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the (left or right) ___________ lung has 2 lobes

left

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tertiary bronchi serve the ___________ of the lungs

segments

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During inspiration the diaphragm is contracted, which causes it to (elevate/depress) __________________.

depress

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when the rib cage becomes smaller during respiration, air will flow (into/out of) __________ the lungs

out of

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the __________ lining completely envelopes the lungs and the interior thoracic wall

pleural

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the _____________ pleurae cover the rib cage.

costal

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the space holding the heart is termed the _____________.

mediastinum

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the _____________ attachment of the diaphragm is the anterior-most point of origination of this muscle.

sternal

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the diaphragm muscle fibers arising from the ___________ point of attachment encircle the esophagus as they transit to the central tendon.

vertebral

the phrenic nerve arises from the __________ plexus

cervical

the ___________ portion of the internal intercostal muscles is involved in inspiration.

interchondral or chondral

the external intercostal muscles (elevate/depress) _________ the rib cage.

elevate

the ___________ muscle elevates the sternum and clavicle, as well as rotates the head.

sternocleidomastoid

the ___________ muscle is a massive muscle of inspiration making up the superficial upper back and neck, originating along the spinous processes of C2 to T12 by means of fascial connection

trapezius

the _________ muscle originates on the spinous processes of C7 and T1 through T3. Fivers from these muscles course down and laterally to insert just beyond the angles of ribs 2 through 5. This group of muscles elevates the rib cage during inspiration.

serratus posterior superior

the _________ muscles originate on the spinous processes of the T11, T12, L1 through L3 and course up and laterally to insert into the lower margin of the lower five ribs. Contraction of these muscles would pull the rib cage down for expiration.

serratus posterior inferior

This is the superior-most structure of the sternum a. corpus sterni b. manubrium sterni c. xiphoid process d. clavicle e. scapula f. thoracic vertebrae g. cervical vertebrae h. coccyx i. sacrum

b. manubrium sterni

this structure forms the anterior-most attachment of the diaphragm a. corpus sterni b. manubrium sterni c. xiphoid process d. clavicle e. scapula f. thoracic vertebrae g. cervical vertebrae h. coccyx i. sacrum

c. xiphoid process

these vertebrae have an opening through which the vertebral artery passes a. corpus sterni b. manubrium sterni c. xiphoid process d. clavicle e. scapula f. thoracic vertebrae g. cervical vertebrae h. coccyx i. sacrum

g. cervical vertebrae

This is the primary muscle of inspiration a. pectoralis major muscle b. intraosseous portion, internal intercostal muscles c. pectoralis minor muscle d. sternocleidomastoid e. scalenus anterior, medius, posterior f. diaphragm g. external intercostal muscles

f. diaphragm

this muscle lies deep to the pectoralis major, originates on the corocoid process of the scapula, and elevates the rib cage. a. pectoralis major muscle b. intraosseous portion, internal intercostal muscles c. pectoralis minor muscle d. sternocleidomastoid e. scalenus anterior, medius, posterior f. diaphragm g. external intercostal muscles

c. pectoralis minor muscle

these muscles elevate each of the ribs during inspiration. a. pectoralis major muscle b. intraosseous portion, internal intercostal muscles c. pectoralis minor muscle d. sternocleidomastoid e. scalenus anterior, medius, posterior f. diaphragm g. external intercostal muscles

g. external intercostal muscles

This muscle of expiration originates on the inguinal ligament and courses fanlike to insert into the linea semilunaris and lower margin of the rib cage a. rectus abdominis b. transversus throracis c. transversus abdominis d. external intercostal muscles e. internal intercostal muscles f. intraosseous portion, internal intercostals g. intraosseous portion, external intercostals h. internal oblique abdominis

h. internal oblique abdominis

this muscle pulls the ribs closer together as it depresses the rib cage a. rectus abdominis b. transversus throracis c. transversus abdominis d. external intercostal muscles e. internal intercostal muscles f. intraosseous portion, internal intercostals g. intraosseous portion, external intercostals h. internal oblique abdominis

e. internal intercostal muscles

this muscle elevates the ribs: a. rectus abdominis b. transversus abdominis c. transversus thoracis d. internal oblique abdominis e. internal intercostal muscles f. transversus thoracis g. external intercostal muscles h. external oblique abdominis

g. external intercostal muscles

unilateral contraction of this muscle will help rotate the trunk in the direction of contraction a. rectus abdominis b. transversus abdominis c. transversus thoracis d. internal oblique abdominis e. internal intercostal muscles f. transversus thoracis g. external intercostal muscles h. external oblique abdominis

d. internal oblique abdominis

Contraction of this muscle will bring the sternum closer to the pubic symphysis a. rectus abdominis b. transversus abdominis c. transversus thoracis d. internal oblique abdominis e. internal intercostal muscles f. transversus thoracis g. external intercostal muscles h. external oblique abdominis

a. rectus abdominis

This forms the insertion for the rectus abdominis a. inguinal ligament b. xiphoid process c. linea semilunaris d. linea alba e. thoracolumbar fascia

c. linea semilunaris

this divides the left and right rectus abdominis muscles a. inguinal ligament b. xiphoid process c. linea semilunaris d. linea alba e. thoracolumbar fascia

d. linea alba

This muscle of the thorax elevates the first four ribs a. transversus thoracis b. serratus posterior inferior c. serratus posterior superior d. levator costarum longis e. levator costarum brevis f. rhomboideus major and minor g. trapezius h. latissimus dorsi

c. serratus posterior superior

This muscle arises from the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra and courses down to insert into the rib below a. transversus thoracis b. serratus posterior inferior c. serratus posterior superior d. levator costarum longis e. levator costarum brevis f. rhomboideus major and minor g. trapezius h. latissimus dorsi

e. levator costarum brevis

sternocleidomastoid is primarily a muscle of: a. inspiration b. expiration c. neck stability d. trunk stability

a. inspiration

internal intercostal, intraosseous component is primarily a muscle of: a. inspiration b. expiration c. neck stability d. trunk stability

b. expiration

trapezius is primarily a muscle of: a. inspiration b. expiration c. neck stability d. trunk stability

c. neck stability

transversus thoracis is primarily a muscle of: a. inspiration b. expiration c. neck stability d. trunk stability

b. expiration

scalenus anterior is primarily a muscle of: a. inspiration b. expiration c. neck stability d. trunk stability

c. neck stability

rectus abdomens

external oblique abdominis

contraction of this muscle will bring the pubic symphysis and the sternum closer togther

this point of attachment arises from L4 and L5 vertebrae

this is the internal intercostal muscle

this is the external intercostal muscle

which answer below refers to twisting of a shaft while not permitting one end to move? a. elastic forces b. elongation c. torque d. terminal mediation

c. torque

which group of muscles is involved in actively torquing elements of the rib cage? a. abdominal muscles of inspiration b. thoracic muscles of inspiration c. abdominal muscles of expiration d. thoracic muscles of expiration

b. thoracic muscles of inspiration

which of the following have high elasticity? a. lungs b. cartilage c. bone d. a & b e. b & c

d. a & b

which of the following best describes what happens when the lungs expand? a. contraction of the muscles of inspiration pushes the diaphragm up, causing air to flow into the lungs b. contraction of the muscles of inspiration decrease the volume of the thorax, cause a decrease in pressure (Boyle's law) c. expansion of the thorax causes the lungs to expand as a function of the negative intrapleural pressure between the parietal and visceral pleurae d. none of the above

c. expansion of the thorax causes the lungs to expand as a function of the negative intrapleural pressure between the parietal and visceral pleurae

respiratory volume is measured using which of the following? a. spirometer b. nasometer c. gastrometer d. nasoendoscope

a. spirometer

respiratory capacity is measured using which of the following? a. monometer b. altimeter c. spirometer d. inclinometer

c. spirometer

flow is measured in: a. volts per hour b. amperes per minute c. cubic centimeters per minute d. millimeters per minute

c. cubic centimeters per minute

which of the following refers to the gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane? a. expiration b. profusion c. ventilation d. perfusion

d. perfusion

what is the approximate number of respiratory cycles per minute in quiet tidal respiration of an adult? a. 9 b. 12 c. 15 d. none of the above

b. 12

which of the following is the Minute Volume for quiet tidal respiration, on average? a. 2000 cc b. 4000 cc c. 6000 cc d. none of the above

c. 6000 cc

what best describes the rate of respiration for a newborn infant? a. 40-70 breaths per minute b. 40-50 breaths per minute c. 70-90 breaths per minute d. 12-18 breaths per minute

a. 40-70 breaths per minute

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. a. residual volume b. remaining capacity c. distributed volume d. none of the above

a. residual volume

______________ refers to combinations of volumes to express physiological limits

capacities

a single cycle of quiet tidal volume will involve approximately ________ cc of air for the average adult female.

450

a single cycle of quiet tidal volume will involve approximately ________ cc of air for the average adult.

525

the volume of air that can be inhaled, on average, following tidal inspiration is _____ cc.

2475

the amount of air hat can be exhaled following tidal expiration, on average, is ______ cc.

1000

the volume of air remaining in the lungs following complete expiration, on average, is ______ cc.

1100

vital capacity, on average, is ________ cc.

4000

Functional Residual Capacity is approximately _______ cc.

2100

___________ Capacity is the total of Tidal Volume and Inspiratory Reserve Volume.

Inspiratory

The reference pressure for measurement of respiratory pressures is _________ pressure.

atmospheric

the pressure that can be measured beneath the level of the vocal folds is _______ pressure

subglottal

________ pressure and alveolar pressure are equivalent if the vocal folds are adducted.

subglottal

____________ pressure represents the pressure within the individual alveolus

alveolar

at rest, intrapleural pressure is approximately _____________ cm H20.

-6

during quiet expiration, alveolar pressure is approximately _______ cm H20

During expiration, intraoral pressure is __________ (negative/positive) relative to atmospheric pressure

positive

contraction of the diaphragm causes a(n) _________ (increase/decrease) of alveolar pressure.

decrease

contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes a(n) ________ (increase/decrease) of alveolar pressure.

decrease

when the diaphragm contracts, intrapleural pressure __________ (becomes less negative/becomes more negative)

becomes more negative

abdominal muscles are involved in _______ expiration

forced

this is the air that includes Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, and Expiratory Reserve Volume a. inspiratory reserve volume b. expiratory reserve volume c. resting tidal volume d. residual capacity f. vital capacity g. expiratory capacity

f. vital capacity

this is the volume of air that can be expired after a tidal expiration a. inspiratory reserve volume b. expiratory reserve volume c. resting tidal volume d. residual capacity f. vital capacity g. expiratory capacity

b. expiratory reserve

this is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after forceful and complete expiration a. inspiratory reserve volume b. expiratory reserve volume c. resting tidal volume d. residual capacity f. vital capacity g. expiratory capacity

d. residual capacity

525cc for male and female adults averaged a. inspiratory reserve volume b. expiratory reserve volume c. resting tidal volume d. residual volume e. inspiratory capacity f. vital capacity g.. expiratory capacity h. total lung capacity

c. resting tidal volume

5100 cc for male and female adults averaged a. inspiratory reserve volume b. expiratory reserve volume c. resting tidal volume d. residual volume e. inspiratory capacity f. vital capacity g.. expiratory capacity h. total lung capacity

h. total lung capacity

this pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure if the vocal folds are closed and the mouth is open a. intraoral pressure b. subglottal pressure c. atmospheric pressure d. intrapleural pressure e. alveolar pressure f. systolic pressure

a. intraoral pressure

at resting lung volume, this pressure is negative a. intraoral pressure b. subglottal pressure c. atmospheric pressure d. intrapleural pressure e. alveolar pressure f. systolic pressure

d. intrapleural pressure

this pressure is measured below the level of the vocal folds a. intraoral pressure b. subglottal pressure c. atmospheric pressure d. intrapleural pressure e. alveolar pressure f. systolic pressure

b. subglottal pressure

this pressure never becomes positive in life a. intraoral pressure b. subglottal pressure c. atmospheric pressure d. intrapleural pressure e. alveolar pressure f. systolic pressure

d. intrapleural pressure

above this point, the chest wall recoil will have no effect on alveolar pressure a. chest wall recoil b. lung elasticity c. 38% of vital capacity d. 55% of vital capacity e. 44% of vital capacity

d. 55% of vital capacity

positive pressure above 38% of vital capacity in the relaxation pressure curve are generated predominantly by this element a. chest wall recoil b. lung elasticity c. 38% of vital capacity d. 55% of vital capacity e. 44% of vital capacity

a. chest wall recoil

pressure change for word stress a. 3-5 cm H20 b. 7-10 cm H20 c. 2 cm H20 d. 40% of respiratory cycle e. 60% of respiratory cycle f. 10% of respiratory cycle g. 90% of respiratory cycle

c. 2cm h20

proportion of respiratory cycle for non-speech expiration a. 3-5 cm H20 b. 7-10 cm H20 c. 2 cm H20 d. 40% of respiratory cycle e. 60% of respiratory cycle f. 10% of respiratory cycle g. 90% of respiratory cycle

e. 60% of respiratory cycle

proportion of respiratory cycle for speech inspiration a. 3-5 cm H20 b. 7-10 cm H20 c. 2 cm H20 d. 40% of respiratory cycle e. 60% of respiratory cycle f. 10% of respiratory cycle g. 90% of respiratory cycle

f. 10% of respiratory cycle

resting lung volume a. hyperventilation b. hypoxia c. checking action d. muscles of inspiration e. muscles of expiration f. 38% of vital capacity g. 45% of vital capacity

f. 38% of vital capacity

muscles used to impede outflow of air during expiration a. 3-5 cm H20 b. 7-10 cm H20 c. 2 cm H20 d. 40% of respiratory cycle e. 60% of respiratory cycle f. 10% of respiratory cycle g. 90% of respiratory cycle

d. muscles of inspiration

excessive oxygenation of blood a. 3-5 cm H20 b. 7-10 cm H20 c. 2 cm H20 d. 40% of respiratory cycle e. 60% of respiratory cycle f. 10% of respiratory cycle g. 90% of respiratory cycle

a. 3-5 cm H20

this is used to measure respiratory pressure a. forced b. manometer c. spirometer d. increases e. passive f. decreases

b. manometer

this form of inspiration requires use of diaphragm and accessory muscles of inspiration a. forced b. manometer c. spirometer d. increases e. passive f. decreases

a. forced

this refers to twisting of a shaft while not permitting one end to move a. abdomen b. torquing c. ventilation d. decreases e. active f. expiration g. passive

b. torquing

this refers to the actual movement of air within the conducting respiratory pathway. a. abdomen b. torquing c. ventilation d. decreases e. active f. expiration g. passive

c. ventilation

muscles of inspiration pull on this structure a. thorax b. abdomen c. alveoli d. gravity e. elasticity f. torque

a. thorax

this is a force of both inspiration and expiration. a. thorax b. abdomen c. alveoli d. gravity e. elasticity f. torque

e. elasticity

the combination of Inspiratory Reserve Volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume a. vital capacity b. functional residual capacity c. total lung capacity d. inspiratory capacity

c. total lung capacity

the combination of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume a. vital capacity b. functional residual capacity c. total lung capacity d. inspiratory capacity

d. inspiratory capacity

this term refers to the space between the vocal folds a. laryngeal aditus b. glottis c. vocal nodules d. laryngeal ventricle

b. glottis

this ring-like cartilage is higher in the posterior aspect than the anterior a. arytenoid b. thyroid c. hyoid d. cricoid e. epiglottis

d. criocoid

this cartilage articulates with the thyroid cartilage a. arytenoid b. cuneiform c. cricoid d. none of the above

c. cricoid

this cartilage articulates with the superior aspect of the arytenoid cartilage. a. cuneiform b. radicular c. cingular d. corniculate

d. corniculate

this bone articulates with the thyroid cartilage a. cricoid b. mandible c. temporal d. hyoid e. sphenoid

d. hyoid

this membrane stretches across the space between the greater cornu of hyoid and the lateral thyroid a. laryngeal b. aryepiglottic c. thyrohyoid d. cricothyroid

c. thyrohyoid

this is the entryway to the larynx a. aditus b. antrum c. vestibule d. conus elasticus

a. aditus

this is the cavity between the true and false vocal folds a. laryngeal ventricle b. glottis c. valleculae d. pyriform sinus

a. laryngeal ventricle

this is the point of articulation between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages a. thyroid notch b. cricothyroid joint c. cricoid lamina d. lateral thyroid prominence

b. cricothyroid joint

they arytenoid cartilage articulates with this portion of the cricoid cartilage a. superior surface b. inferior surface c. lamina d. cricothyroid joint

a. superior surface

this aspect of the hyoid articulates with the thyroid cartilage a. inferior carnu b. superior cornua c. greater cornu d. lesser cornu

c. greater cornu

the thyrovocalis muscle attaches to this process of the arytenoid cartilage a. thyroid b. muscular c. ligamentous d. vocal

d. vocal

the ___________ cartilage is a large, leaf-like structure which covers the aditus of the larynx during swallow

epiglottis

the joint between the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages is termed the ________ joint.

cricoarytenoid

when the ____________ muscle is contracted, the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage is pulled posteriorly.

posterior cricoarytenoid

the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle is a(n) _________ (adductor/abductor/tensor/relaxer)

adductor

the thyrovocalis is a(n) __________ (adductor/abductor/tensor/relaxer)

tensor

the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle is innervated by means of the ________ cranial nerve

X vagus

the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is innervated by the ________ branch of the X vagus

superior laryngeal

the _________ branch of the X vagus innervates the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.

recurrent laryngeal

the _________ belly of the digastricus muscle courses from the mastoid process of temporal bone of the hyoid bone

posterior

the ____________ belly of digastricus muscle courses from the mastoid process of temporal bone to the hyoid bone.

posterior

the posterior belly of digastricus in innervated by the ________ cranial nerve

VII facial

the stylohyoid muscle is innervated by the __________ cranial nerve

VII facial

the mylohyoid muscle is innervated by the _________ cranial nerve

V trigeminal

the __________ muscle originates on the mental spines of the mandible, coursing to the corpus hyoid bone.

geniohyoid

the _________ muscle courses from the sternum to the hyoid bone

sternohyoid

the __________ belly of the omohyoid arises from the hyoid bone and courses down to an intermediate tendon

superior

the _________ muscle courses from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone

thyrohyoid

the __________ muscle originates on the posterior-lateral surface of one arytenoid cartilage and courses laterally to the other posterior-lateral surface

transverse arytenoid

the __________ muscle runs between two unpaired laryngeal cartilages and tenses the vocal folds

cricothyroid

the _________ muscle arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the hyoid

stylohyoid

the __________ muscle courses from the arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis

aryepiglottic

_______ this cartilage forms the insertion for the thyrovocalis and theyromuscularis

______ this cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage

____ triticeal cartilage

____ corpus

___ cricothyroid pars recta

____ geniohyoid

___ stylohyoid

____ hyoid corpus

____ mylohyoid line

___ cricoid

___ lateral cricoarytenoid

___ thyroid

____ superior cornu

____ cricoid

____ transverse arytenoid

____ false vocal fold

____ posterior

____ prominence of cuneiform

_____ true vocal fold

____ thyroid cartilage

____ thyrovocalis

____ arytenoid

_____ arises from mental spines of inner mandible a. mylohyoid b. digastricus anterior c. digastricus posterior d. geniohyoid e. stylohyoid

b. digastricus anterior

_____ forms the floor of the mouth a. mylohyoid b. digastricus anterior c. digastricus posterior d. geniohyoid e. stylohyoid

a. mylohyoid

____ elevates hyoid or depressed mandible a. sternothyroid b. sternohyoid c. thyrohyoid d. mylohyoid e. cricopharyngeus

d. mylohyoid

____ depresses hyoid a. sternothyroid b. sternohyoid c. thyrohyoid d. mylohyoid e. cricopharyngeus

b. sternohyoid

______ brings hyoid and thyroid closer together a. sternothyroid b. sternohyoid c. thyrohyoid d. mylohyoid e. cricopharyngeus

c. thyrohyoid

exam 1 - ch. 2-4 Flashcards

(176 cards)