Exam 1: Ch 3-4 - Cells and Genetics Review

Question 1

Composite/Model cell

Answer 1

b/c it has basic important features and characteristics of cells, is used as study purposes to represent sum of function of all cells in body

Question 2

Photo Cell w/ major organelles

Answer 2

Question 3

organelles

Answer 3

“little organ”

specialized structues inside cell

ex: nucleus

Question 4

cytoplasm

Answer 4

living material surrounding nucleus, contains many types organelles

Question 5

Function of the cell

Answer 5

• basic unit of life
• protect and support
• movement
• communication
• cell matebolism & energy release
• inheritance

Question 6

cell membrane

Answer 6

• aka “plasma membrane”
• is the OUTERMOST componenet of cell, encloses cytoplasm
• boundry btw intracellular and extracellular material, selective barrier for passing materials
• aids in comminucation btw cells

Question 7

Cell membrane contains:

Answer 7

• phospholidis + proteins (mainly)
• cholestrol, CHO, h20, ions

Question 8

cell membrane structure

Answer 8

• phospholipids form a double layer (bilayer)
• polar end (phosphate) hydrophillic, face the water inside and outside cell
• nonpolar (lipid chains) hydrophilic, face AWAY from h20

Question 9

cholesterol role in cell membrane

Answer 9

gives it added strength and flexibility

Question 10

proteins in cell function as:

Answer 10

membrane channels

carrier molecules

receptor molecules

enzymes

structural support

Question 11

passive transport

Answer 11

does NOT require energy

ex: diffusion, osmosis
- movement glucose into cells, movement h20 in/out cells, movement 02 in/out membrane

Question 12

active transport

Answer 12

REQUIRES energy, part of metabolism

ex: transport by pumps, vesicles

Question 13

diffusion

Answer 13

movement of a solute from higher [] to lower []

ex: perfume in a room, dye in water, salt in h20
- molecules spread out or diffuse, molecules move in and out of cells
- solvent AND solute particles move to = [], no membrane involved

Question 14

osmosis

Answer 14

• diffusion of a solvent ONLY ACCROSS a selectively permeable MEMBRANE - a “thrusting”(solute does not move)
• goes higher [] to lower [], so there is movement TOWARDS the MORE conentrated []
• important b/c large volumes of h20 changes to cells can distrupt cell fxn

Question 15

selective permeability

Answer 15

• allowing some substances to pass in/out, but not others
• nutrients enter, waste exit
• contains proper [] of molecules so there is not cell death

Question 16

solvent vs solute

Answer 16

solvent: DOES the dissolving (h20
solute: IS being dissolved, substance (salt)

Question 17

membrane channels

Answer 17

protein that allows only certiain molcules to pass

Question 18

carrier molecules

Answer 18

bind to molecules and carry into cell, highly specific

ex: insulin and glucose

Question 19

receptor molecules

Answer 19

responsible for INTRACELLULAR communication

ex: hormones and 2nd messengers

Question 20

vesicles

Answer 20

membrane bound sac transports substances into/out of cell

ex: exocytosis, or cell expelling a digested antigen. bound by vescile and released

Question 21

membrane pumps

Answer 21

movement from LOW [] to HIGH []. UP HILL movement, requires more energy

ex: Na/K pump

Question 22

Na/K pump general

Answer 22

active transport, requires energy

• in plasma membrane of all human cells for survival
• HIGHER [] of K INSIDE the cell (intracellular
• HIGHER [] of Na OUTSIDE cell (extracellular)
• both ions bind to same pump
• ATP breaks and energy stored is transferred to the pump
• 3 Na to 2 K

Question 23

Na/K pump exchange describe

Answer 23

• extracellular - higher [] Na
• intracellular - higher [] K
  1. 3 Na+ bind to protein, changes shape
  2. ATP binds and loses P, (phosphorilation), changes shape to transport 3Na+ to extracellular
  3. 2 K+ bind from extracellular, phosophate dissociates, protein goes original shape and releases 2K+ into intracellular
  4. once []NA higher extracellular, Na binds to carrier molecule that also binds glucose, and concenrtration gradient for Na provides energy reuired to move glucose against its concentration gradient, so this is passive

Question 24

calcium pump

Answer 24

• found in skeletal muscle
• when triggered, stored Ca is released by pumps to aid in muscle contraction
• active transport
• carrier protein transports Ca from lower [] inside cell to higher [] outside, same process fo NA in pump with atp

Question 25

filtration

Answer 25

movement of fluid throough partition containing small holes ex: kidney - as fluid comes into kidney, inside fluid there will be good and bad things, we filter out the bad - blood pressure moves fluid form blood through a filter in kidney - water ions and small molecules pass through, protein and blood cells remain in blood

Question 26

Hypotonic solution and If human cell is placed in a dilute solution (examples pure h20)

Answer 26

def: water has less tone or osmotic pressure than cell, to water moves in by osmosis cell may swell, may expand and burst (lyse) b/c it is in a low pressure (hypotonic) solution. ex: RBC,if placed in h20, water will rush into RBC b/c of the movement of higher [] to lower [] . so b/c there is more solute in the cell vs the water, the water moves into the cell via osmosis b/s the solution has more h20 and cell has less

Question 27

hypertonic solution

Answer 27

solution has higher [] of solutes and lower [] of water than cell, so h20 moves from osmosis out of cell, causes shrivel (crenated)

Question 28

isotonic solution

Answer 28

= [] solutes in cell and solution

Question 29

Nucleus

Answer 29

- all cells have them, brain of cell - contain genetic code - dictates protein synethsis, cell activity - dna and chromosomes found here

Question 30

nucleolus

Answer 30

part of nucleus role in formation of ribosomes

Question 31

ER names 2 types

Answer 31

enoplasmic reticulum, rough and smooth

Question 32

rough er

Answer 32

ribosomes attached to rough er synethsize proteins that leave cells via Golgi apparatus

Question 33

smooth er

Answer 33

synthesize lypids, steroid hormones and certain CHOs. helps with detoxification process

Question 34

perosizome

Answer 34

contains enzymes that detoxify harmful substances

Question 35

ribosome

Answer 35

site of protein synthesis, cells "protein factory"

Question 36

Golgi apparatus

Answer 36

collects, modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipds that are manufactured by the ER

Question 37

secratory vesicles

Answer 37

contents are released to the exterior of the cell ex: nerve cells release a NT from a secratory vesicles

Question 38

lysome

Answer 38

- intracellular digestive system, destroys bacteria and other debris

Question 39

cytoskeleton

Answer 39

- made of proteins that support the cell (like a frame) microvilli, flagella, and cilia are examples

Question 40

mitochondria

Answer 40

power house, produces ATP - when mm increases b/c of exercise, mitochondria increases in the mm, so it can produce more ATP os the mm contraction can be more aggressive (adaptation to stimuli)

Question 41

cilia and flagella

Answer 41

fingerlike projections that aid in the movement of cells particles and debris ex: flagella moves sperm cells

Question 42

microvilli

Answer 42

fingerlike extensions that increases a cell's absorptive surface area (digestion of micronutrients) - hurt by NSAIDS

Question 43

cystic fibrosis

Answer 43

genetic disorder - diagnosis based on existence of recurrenct respiratory disease - increased Na+ in sweat - high levels unabsorbed fats in stool - abnormality in chloride channels

Question 44

3 types CF:

Answer 44

1. defective channel -protein fails to reach cell membrane 2. channel protein is incorporated into the cell membrane but FAILS to bind ATP 3. channel protein is there and atp binds but channel does not open

Question 45

In CF when Ca does not exit cell normal rate...

Answer 45

water moves into tubes, musuc is produced, fails to be moved out by cilia and function is lost. increases chance of infection when musuc is present

Question 46

CF patients are at risk for

Answer 46

chornic pneumonia, chronic coughing

Question 47

CF and secreatory cells

Answer 47

mucus builds up in pancrease and hepatic duct, digestive enxymes and bile salts prevented from reaching small intestine - fat and fat soluble vitamins not absorbed (bc this is usually done by bile salts) - pt suffers from dificiency, results in nigh blindness, skin disorders excessive bleeding ect.

Question 48

transcription vs translation

Answer 48

**transcription** - making an RNA copy (mRNA) of a gene sequence, this then leaves cell nucleus, then directs synthesis of protein, in which it encodes **translation** - process of translating the mRNA molecule into a sewuence of AA during protein synthesis