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Plant Biology Exams > Exam 1 Ch.1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Ch.1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

plants, like animals are __________

A

Multicellular eukaryotes

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2
Q

Plants are _____

A

diverse
plants have evolved the ability to thrive in diverse land habitats

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3
Q

what are the types of plants

A

Land plants
Vascular plants
Seed plants
Flowering plants

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4
Q

plants make people

A

happy

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5
Q

plants produce considerable amounts of the _________ we breathe

A

oxygen

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6
Q

phytoplankton

A

produce the majority of earths oxygen (at least 50-80%)

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7
Q

plant produce most of the chemically stored energy we consume as _____ and _______

A

food and burn for fuel

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8
Q

plants produce an amazing assortment of useful _____

A

chemicals

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9
Q

Joseph Priestly

A

discovered oxygen in 1774

recognized animals breathing injured the air and passed out in sealed containers but recognized that plants restore the air when in the sealed container

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10
Q

we now know that plants produce oxygen as a __________ of photosynthesis

A

by-product

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11
Q

plants convert CO2 gas into sugars through the process of _______

A

photosyhtensis

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12
Q

plants can produce an amazing assortment of ______

A

chemicals
vitamin A, Vitamin C, vanillin, caffeine, morphine

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13
Q

why study plants?

A

to help conserve endangered plants and threatened environments

to learn more about the natural world

to better harness the abilities of plants to provide us with food, medicines, and energy

informs us about the world

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14
Q

where were cells first observed

A

plants

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15
Q

_____ were first purified from plants

A

viruses

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16
Q

mendel’s studies of peas revealed the ___ __ _____ which helps understand human diseases such as sickle cell anemia and hemophilia as well as countless other human diseases that have a genetic contribution

A

laws of inheritance

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17
Q

mendels work laid the foundation for the sciences of ____ ____ and ____ ____

A

plant genetics and plant breeding

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18
Q

Norman Borlaug

A

distinguished plant breeder

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19
Q

the major objective of plant biology

A

to increase food production

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20
Q

we need to increase food production by

A

70%

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21
Q

how many people died from hunger in 2004

A

60 million people

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22
Q

how many people are hungry globally

A

1 billion people

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23
Q

how many people per year are chronically anemic due to iron deficiency

A

2 billion people

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24
Q

how do plant scientists contribute to alleviating hunger

Study These Flashcards
A

By developing plants that:

are drought or stress-tolerant

require less fertilizer or water

are resistant to pathogens

are more nutritious

25
what is plant growth limited by
drought stress
26
drought increases with
increasing global temperature
27
how much do crop yields drop in warm regions
about 3-5% with every 1 degree celsius increase in temp
28
mild drought stress
reduces the rate of photosynthesis and growth, whereas extreme drought stress is lethal
29
the bad cycle
heat and drought reduce plant yields more land must be cleared to grow more plants removing tree to make more room for crops puts more co2 in the atmosphere
30
what can be altered to increase a plants drought tolerance
a single gene
31
what contributes to drought tolerance
a large root system
32
Fertilizer
energy-demanding limiting resource
33
whats in fertilizer
potassium, phosphate, nitrogen, and other nutrients
34
potassium and phosphate
are non-renewable, mined resources
35
synthesis of nitrogen fertilizers
requires huge amounts of energy
36
Agricultural fertilizer
a considerable source of environmental pollution
37
fertilizer run-off causes _____algal blooms that then decay, reducing oxygen levels in the water and making animal life impossible
dead zones
38
what can reduce the need for fertilizer
more efficient transport system in the roots
39
what plants is being used to cross crop plants to reduce crop plants dependency on fertilizers and water?
Perennial plants - plants that uptake water and nutrients better than most crops
40
the two serious diseases that threaten the world?
Phytophthora infestans Puccinia graminis tritici
41
Phytophthora infestans
cause of potato late blight, has re-emerged as a threat
42
Puccinia graminis tritici
the wheat stem rust fungus, has developed into a highly aggressive form
43
what destroys potato plants
light blight caused by Phytophthora infectants
44
genetics
identified the gene conferring resistance and are introducing it into edible varieties identification of resistance genes
45
Ug99
wheat stem rust highly pathogenic strain emerged in Uganda in 1999 most wheat has no resistance to this strain global problem carried by wind
46
what can improvement in nutrient content in plants help?
Alleviate malnutrition Subsistence-level diets are usually nutrient-poor. Our bodies need vitamins and minerals as well as calories. Malnutrition is primarily a disease of poverty
47
fortifying foods
implementing vitamins(folate and vitamin A) and micronutrients(iron, zinc, and iodine) has dramatically reduced malnutrition in much of the world
48
Cassava
staple food crop in much of africa but low in nutrients Scientists have recently identified a variant that produces much more vitamin A that the standard variety
49
what else do plants provide other than food
Plants: * are sources of novel therapeutic drugs * provide better fibers for paper or fabric * are sources of biorenewable products * provide renewable energy sources
50
compounds produced in plants that are used in medicines or drugs
*Willow (Salix) bark as a source of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) *Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) as a source of digitalis (treatment for cardiac problems) *Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) as a source of taxol (treatment for cancer) *Coffee (Coffea arabica) and tea (Camellia sinensis) as sources of caffeine (stimulant)
51
Malaria
The protozoan Plasmodium causes malaria Plasmodium is transferred into humans by infected mosquitoes Cinchona tree bark contains quinine, which kills Plasmodium but they are developing a resistance
52
Gin and Quinine
British soldiers in tropical regions were given quinine pills to prevent malaria. To disguise its bitter flavor, quinine was mixed with sweet, carbonated water (“tonic”) and frequently also with gin – the origin of the “gin and tonic.”
53
Artemisia annua
a plant with novel antimalarial activities Chinese herbalists have used Artemisia for thousands of years. In 1972 the active ingredient, artemisinin, was purified Plant scientists are developing higher-producing Artemisia
54
plants can make safe and inexpensive what?
edible vaccines and antibodies
55
plant cell walls
provide important durable material composed mainly of carbohydrates and proteins some contain rigid secondary walls that incorporate lignin, and insoluble cross-linking compound
56
plants also provide what
fibers for paper and fabric
57
petroleum
NOT a renewable source plants can replace petroleum for many products and purposed takes millions of years to convert dead organic matter into petroleum
58
biofuels
Plants can be a source of biofuels Sugars, starches and cellulose can be fermented into ethanol Biofuels produced from rapeseed, algae and soybeans are replacing petroleum- derived diesel
59

Plant Biology Exams (2 decks)

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