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Theory of Org ISE 4004 > Exam 1 Ch.1-4 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Ch.1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Do people have free will?

A

No, they are limited by choice

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2
Q

What is an individual?

A

*Discrete, particular, unique, singular individual person with a name, address, a history, and reputation

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3
Q

Is an individual discrete?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What are ways in which we limit free will?

A

rules, regulations, laws, education

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5
Q

The first step of stating the elements of the executive processes in an organization is to set forth the position or understanding of the individual. T/F

A

True

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6
Q

The human body has individual independent existence. T/F

A

False

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7
Q

The human body is a human being. T/F

A

False.

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8
Q

The human being as a living thing has…

A

A power of adjustment,
an ability to maintain an internal balance,
and a continuity

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9
Q

The human body as an organism has components that are both..

A

biological and physical

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10
Q

The biological aspects of the human being can be separated from the physical. T/F

A

False

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11
Q

What are the reasons humans cannot function without other humans

A
  • Procreation

* Nurture required in infancy

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12
Q

The mutual reaction between two human organisms is a series of responses to the ____ and ___ of adaptable behavior

A

intention

meaning

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13
Q

Physical thing endowed with life that has interacted with other similar organisms becomes more and more

A
  • unique
  • separate
  • distinct
  • just as a point where many lines cross
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14
Q

We regard ourselves as absolutely unique. T/F

A

True

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15
Q

What are some examples of an individual?

A
  • worker
  • underprivileged man
  • Politian
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16
Q

In this book we man individual as:

A
  • single
  • unique
  • independent
  • isolated
  • whole thing
  • embodying innumerable forces (social factors)
  • biological and physical
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17
Q

What are the properties comprehended in the word person?

A
  • activities or behavior
  • psychological factors
  • limited power of choice
  • purpose
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18
Q

What is behavior

A

Activity in its gross and readily observed aspects

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19
Q

What are the parts of psychological factors?

A

combination, resultants, or residues of the physical, biological, and social factors which have determined the history and the present state of the individual in relation to his present environment.

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20
Q

the idea of free will is inculcated in the doctrines of

A

personal, moral and legal responsibility

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21
Q

what kind of people are unfit for cooperation

A
  • no sense of ego
  • lacking in self-respect
  • believe that what they do is unimportant
  • no initiative
  • problems
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22
Q

The more options, the easier it is to make a choice. T/F

A

False

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23
Q

The individual is a region of activities which are the combined effect of what factors:

A

Biological, social and physical

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24
Q

What is purpose

A

the attempt to limit the conditions of choice, so that it is practicable to exercise the capacity of will

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25
Q

The failure of individuals to conform is deliberate opposition. T/F

A

False, they cannot conform

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26
Q

What are the ways of altering the conditions of behaviors?

A
  • training
  • inculcation of attitudes
  • construction of incentives
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27
Q

The persistence of repeated choices in the same direction can change the factors of human life. T/F

A

True

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28
Q

When considering the person as an object, what term is most convenient?

A

Individualization

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29
Q

What are the bases of entering a cooperative system?

A
  • purposes, desires, impulses of the moment

* The alternatives available

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30
Q

What are motives?

A

Desires, impulses, wants

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31
Q

A man always knows his motive. T/F

A

False, sometimes we don’t know until after the action is taken

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32
Q

The end sought represents motives of social and physiological origins. T/F

A

True.

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33
Q

Actions always have other effects which are not sought. T/F

A

True

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34
Q

Not sought effects are always trivial. T/F

A

False, sometimes they are nontrival (i.e. flip a stone that causes an avalanche)

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35
Q

When a specific desired end is attained we shall say that the action is _____

A

Effective

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36
Q

When the unsought consequences of the action are more important than the attainment of the desired end, they are ____

A

inefficient

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37
Q

When unsought consequences are trivial, the action is ___

A

efficient

38
Q

An action that is efficient must be effective. T/F

A

False

39
Q

Physical ends are:

A
  • material objects

* physical conditions (light, air, shade)

40
Q

Social ends are:

A
  • contact

* interrelations, communication

41
Q

Always, a social end involves physical consequences not sought. T/F

A

True

42
Q

Always a specific end of a physical class involves social consequences not sought. T/F

A

False, usually, but not always

43
Q

Actions to seek ends are always physical. T/F

A

True, and also may be social

44
Q

The function of the executive is to:

A
  • facilitate the synthesis in concrete action of contradictory forces
  • reconcile conflicting forces, instincts, interests, conditions, positions, and ideals
45
Q

The most common implication of the philosophy of individualism, of choice, and free will lies in the word ___

A

purpose

46
Q

Limitations is the most common expression of the opposite philosophy of:

A

determination
behaviorism
socialism

47
Q

Cooperation is a means of overcoming the limitations restricting what an individual can do. T/F

A

True

48
Q

What are the two classes of factors of limitations

A
  1. ) biological factors or capacities of the individual

2. ) Physical factors of the environment

49
Q

Biological powers are set to work to overcome the limitations by changing a physical factor of the situation. T/F

A

True

50
Q

When the limitation cannot be overcome the end must be rethought. T/F

A

False. It must be dropped

51
Q

When men work together their biological powers increase. T/F

A

True

52
Q

When biological factors are regarded as the limiting factor, and by cooperation those factors can be overcome, cooperation becomes the limiting factor. T/F

A

True

53
Q

Cooperation most often fails. T/F

A

True

54
Q

When is cooperation ineffective?

A
  • The possible degree of combined human power is small
  • combination involves disadvantages which may offset advantages
  • in all except the most favorable circumstances, effectiveness depends on ordered combination of personal efforts
55
Q

What are the classes of biological limitations of human beings as respects adaptation to the physical environment

A
  • those relating to application of human energy to the environment (pushing, pulling, lifting, lowering)
  • Those relating to perception
  • Those relating to understanding or response to the environment
56
Q

What are abilities of individuals for attention?

A
  • mechanical power
  • mechanical adaptation
  • sensory ability
  • perceptive capacity
  • memory
  • imagination
  • capacity of choosing
57
Q

In order to apply energy mechanical in a cooperative system, it can be achieved 3 ways

A
  • combination of power
  • Simultaneous work
  • Speed of work
58
Q

If efforts of individuals is sufficient, any task can be achieved. T/F

A

False, endurance might not be enough

59
Q

Contemporaneous cooperation may be effective where which things in the group are superior to the corresponding factor in the individual?

A
  • power factor
  • endurance
  • speed
  • mechanical adaptation
60
Q

The very process which produces effectiveness in one respect is also a cause of ineffectiveness in another. T/F

A

True

61
Q

Cooperation depends on sense organs and perception. T/F

A

True

62
Q

What are the types of contemporaneous cooperative observations?

A
  • thing or events observed inside the area bounded by lines drawn by observers
  • object is outside the area
63
Q

Anyone can detect significant and technical observations in a complex system. T/F

A

False, experience is necessary

64
Q

Effectiveness of cooperation depends upon adaptation of process in accordance with one principle

A

False, several different principles

65
Q

Ineffective results in one respect must be tolerated to secure desirable results in another respect. T/F

A

True

66
Q

Motives of cooperation are personal. T/F

A

True

67
Q

____ purposes involve action upon the present environment intended to facilitate future accomplishments

A

Remote

68
Q

What are the four kinds of remote purposes?

A
  • change in environment for future action
  • change to develop future utility
  • require change in location for future use
  • shaping of materials to make more effective the biological powers
69
Q

Cooperative action is directly distributed. T/F

A

False, never directly and rarely all distributed

70
Q

What are the two types of actions in cooperative systems that are absent from individual action?

A
  • intended to facilitate cooperation itself

* Intended to maintain cooperative system

71
Q

What concepts are useful only in cooperative systems?

A

capital improvement
agricultural capital
working capital
equipment or fixed capital

72
Q

Cooperative, physical quasi-mechanical operations have what activities?

A
  • secure consumer’s goods
  • distribute consumer’s goods
  • to secure cooperative equipment
  • to secure working capital
73
Q

Simple systems of cooperation are interrelated with large complex systems taken for grated. T/F

A

True

74
Q

The adjustments required in the case of cooperation are like the corresponding adjustments of individuals. T/F

A

False, they are unlike and physiological

75
Q

The adjustment processes of dealing with limitation in cooperative systems is management. T/F

A

True

76
Q

Management processes become the biggest limitation. T/F

A

True

77
Q

How does instability happen in cooperations?

A

changes in physical environment
uncertainty of managerial processes, and
alteration of the character of purposes of action

78
Q

The restriction or limitations necessary to choice must be exercised are:

A
  • memory or conditioning
  • physical
  • biological
  • social
79
Q

Experience and choice of the individual depends on what two appraisals?

A

Power and determination

80
Q

Memory and conditioning are the same. T/F

A

False, memory is inherent. Conditioning is trained

81
Q

What two methods let one establish a relationship with another person (manage)

A
  1. ) Narrow limitations

2. ) Expand opportunities

82
Q

What methods are used by management to restrict the power of choice?

A
  1. ) Narrow limitations

2. ) Expand opportunities

83
Q

Behavior with reference to other people take place in what two forms?

A
  1. )objects to be manipulated (indirect)

2. )subjects to be satisfied (direct)

84
Q

Group interactions can be looked at in 2 ways:

A
  • Individual acting towards a group

* Many individuals that comprise a group

85
Q

Groups can compel changes in the psychological character of an individual. T/F

A

True

86
Q

Group factors do not affect cooperation. T/F

A

False, they are inescapable and important

87
Q

Cooperative systems has deliberate relationship with individuals in tow aspects:

A
  • bring the individual within the cooperative system

* controlling his actions within the system

88
Q

Cooperation has no effect on minds and emotions of individuals. T/F

A

False, and that becomes limitations

89
Q

Effectiveness of the effort of an individual in cooperation has two meanings:

A
  • reference to the relation of the specific effort to the cooperative result.
  • reference to its status as one of an individual’s chain of efforts contributed to the cooperative system as a means of satisfying person motives
90
Q

Cooperative efficiency and effectiveness are the same T/F

A

False, efficiency is very much individual

91
Q

Cooperative efficiency is dependent upon the marginal contributor. T/F

A

True

92
Q

The most important general consequence of cooperation is social conditioning of all who participate and often those who do not. T/F

A

True

Theory of Org ISE 4004 (1 decks)

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