Exam 1 (ch.2)

Question 1

The imposition of a criminal sanction by a judicial authority

Answer 1

Sentencing

Question 2

. Crime that is punishable by a year or more of incarceration

Answer 2

Felony

Question 3

Crimes that are punishable by less than a year of incarceration

Answer 3

Misdemeanors

Question 4

The suspension of criminal process while the offender is provided the chance to participate in treatment programs and avoid further criminal activity
Minor offenders and misdemeanor crimes
Voluntary
Ideally results in charge dismissal

Answer 4

Pretrial Diversion

Question 5

Detaining an accused person in jail to protect the community from crimes he or she is likely to commit if set free pending trial
Justified by the 1984 Comprehensive Crime Control Act

Answer 5

Preventive Detention

Question 6

The pledge of money or property in exchange for a promise to return for further criminal processing

Answer 6

Bail

Question 7

A person who is legally liable for the conduct of another; someone who guarantees the accused person’s appearance in court

Answer 7

Surety

Question 8

Release from jail based only on the defendant’s promise to appear for further court procedures

Answer 8

Release on Recognizance (ROR)

Question 9

A program started in the 1960s to assist judges in identifying individuals who were good candidates to be released on their own recognizance without commercial or monetary bond

Answer 9

Manhattan Bail Project(MBP)

Question 10

Supervision of offenders released on their own recognizance, similar to supervision while on probation

Answer 10

Supervised pretrial release (SPTR) programs

Question 11

An agreement in which the defendant enters a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence in comparison to the sentence allowable for the charged offense

Answer 11

Plea Bargaining

Question 12

A report used during the sentencing process that details the background of a convicted offender, including criminal history, social background, education, employment, mental and physical health, and other significant factors

Answer 12

Presentence Investigation (PSI)

Question 13

A requirement that an offender pay a fine or restitution to the victim as a part of his or her sentence

Answer 13

Economic Sanction

Question 14

An economic sanction used when offenders do not have funds from which to pay a fine or make restitution; referred to as a “fine on their time”, so that indigent offenders do not have to serve prison or jail time merely because they lack the fiscal ability to pay a fine

Answer 14

Community Service

Question 15

A prison sentence that is suspended on the condition that the offender follows certain prescribed rules and commits no further crimes

Answer 15

Probation

Question 16

Midrange dispositions that fall between probation and imprisonment

Answer 16

Intermediate Sanctions

Question 17

A sentence in a jail for one year or less

Answer 17

Short-term confinement

Question 18

A sentence in a prison of one year or more

Answer 18

Imprisonment

Question 19

Punishment for the most serious crimes (generally first-degree murder); most states and the federal government provide for the death penalty

Answer 19

Capital Punishment

Question 20

Sentences that run at the same time

Answer 20

Concurrent Sentences

Question 21

Sentences that run one after another

Answer 21

Consecutive sentences

Question 22

Sentences that have a minimum and maximum time to serve; decision by a release authority determines the actual time served within that range
Rehabilitative form of sentence

Answer 22

Intermediate Sentences

Question 23

Requires completion of 85% of the sentence before prisoners are eligible for release

Answer 23

Truth in sentencing

Question 24

sentences of fixed terms
Truth in sentencing
Good time

Answer 24

Determinate sentencing

Question 25

Affords inmates the opportunity to reduce their eligibility for release by good behavior in prison

Answer 25

Good Time

Question 26

Judges have primary discretion in creating the sentence

Answer 26

Judicial form of sentencing

Question 27

administrative bodies (correctional officials and parole/release boards) have primary discretion in granting good time and determining the release time of offenders

Answer 27

Administrative form of sentencing

Question 28

Legislative bodies create very structured sentencing codes, and therefore have primary discretion in the length of time served by offenders (statutes, laws, max and mins)

Answer 28

Legislative form of sentencing

Question 29

A requirement that for certain crimes or for certain types of offenders, there must be a sentence to prison for at least a minimum term

Answer 29

Mandatory minimum sentences

Question 30

A legislative mandate that judges sentence third-time felons to extremely long or life prison sentences (habitual offender supplement, Habitual 1 and so on) (doubles the guidelines for every habitual sentence)

Answer 30

Three-strike laws

Question 31

A predetermined range of minimum, average, and maximum term for a specific crime for a “typical” offender, with allowances for mitigating and aggravating circumstances to be considered

Answer 31

Presumptive sentencing

Question 32

Structured sentences, based on measures of offense severity and criminal history, to determine the length of the term of imprisonment

Answer 32

Sentencing guidelines

Question 33

Expert and nonpolitical groups appointed by government officials, but with the purpose to take politics out of the sentencing decision and to consider the impact of sentences on overall costs and crime policies for the state

Answer 33

Sentencing Commissions

Question 34

An alternative to traditional court models to deal with the underlying drug problem as the basis of the offenders’ criminality

Answer 34

Drug courts