Exam 1 Chapter 1&2 Flashcards
1
Q
Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye are called
A
Micro organisms
2
Q
Micro organisms are important in maintaining earths
A
Ecological balance
3
Q
In humans normal microbiota or micro biome are needed to
A
Maintain good health
4
Q
Some micro organisms are used to produce
A
Food and chemicals
5
Q
Some micro organisms can cause
A
Diseases
6
Q
Who designed the nomenclature system in 1735
A
Carolus Linnaeus
7
Q
Each living organism is assigned how many names
A
Two
8
Q
In nomenclature the correct way to name an organism is in what order
A
Genus followed by specific epithet both of which are underlined or italicized
9
Q
Bacteria are
A
Unicellular organisms
10
Q
Bacteria are described as prokaryotes with no
A
Nucleus
11
Q
Bacteria have a cell wall made up of
A
Peptidoglycan
12
Q
Bacteria divide by
A
Binary fission
13
Q
Bacteria may possess what to increase its motility
A
Flagella
14
Q
Bacteria can use a wide range of chemical substances for
A
Their own nutrition
15
Q
Arquilla consist of prokaryotic cells they lack what in their cell walls
A
Peptidoglycan
16
Q
Arquilla include
A
Methanogens, extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles
17
Q
Fungi are considered multicellular and have what type of cells
A
Eukaryotic
18
Q
What are some examples of fungi
A
Mushrooms, molds and yeasts
19
Q
Fungi obtain nutrients by
A
Absorbing organic material from their environment
20
Q
Protozoa are unicellular
A
Eukaryotes
21
Q
Protozoa obtain nourishment by
A
Absorption or ingestion through specialized structures
22
Q
Algae are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment through
A
Photosynthesis
23
Q
Algae can produce
A
Oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms
24
Q
Viruses are best described as
A
Noncellular entities that are parasites of cells
25
What do viruses consist of in there nucleic acid core
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat followed by an envelope coat
26
The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites are
Flat worms and roundworms collectively called helminths
27
The microscopic stages in the lifecycle of Helminths are identified by
Traditional microbiological procedures
28
What are the three domains for organism classification
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
29
Eukarya include
Protists, fungi, plants, and animals
30
His observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory the concept that all living things are composed of cells
Hookes
31
The first person to observe microorganisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
32
What is spontaneous generation
The idea that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter
33
What person demonstrated that maggots appear on the King meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat
Francesco Redi
34
Who claimed that micro organisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth
John Needham
35
This person repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that his results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth
Lazzaro spallanzani
36
He introduced the concept of biogenesis
Rudolph Virchow
37
What is biogenesis
Living cells can arise only from pre-existing cells
38
This person demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis
Louis Pasteur
39
His discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in a laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms
Louis Pasteur
40
The science of microbiology advance rapidly between what years
1857 and 1914
41
Pasteur found that yeasts ferment sugars to
Alcohol
42
Pasteur found that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to
Acidic acid
43
This healing process is used to kill bacteria and some alcoholic beverages and milk
Pasteurization
44
Despair of people showed a casual relationship between micro organisms and disease
Agostino Bazzi and Louis Pasteur
45
He introduced the use of disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans
Joseph Lister
46
He proved that microorganism causes disease
Robert Koch
47
What are Koch’s postulates
A sequence of procedures used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease
48
He demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox materials provides humans with immunity did smallpox
Edward Jenner
49
He discovered that a virulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera
Louis Pasteur
50
Modern vaccines are prepared from living a virulent microorganisms or kill pathogens from
Isolated components of pathogens and buy recombinant DNA techniques
51
The second golden age of microbiology began with the discovery
Penicillins effectiveness against infections
52
What are two types of chemotherapeutic agents
Synthetic drugs and antibiotics
53
Synthetic drugs are prepared
Chemically in the laboratory
54
What are antibiotics
Substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that inhibit growth of bacteria
55
He introduced in arsenic containing chemical called salvarasan to treat syphilis
Paul Ehrlich
56
He observed that the penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of bacterial culture
Alexander Fleming
57
Penicillium fungus is now called
Penicillin
58
Researchers are tackling the problem of drug resistant
Microbes
59
What is bacteriology
Study of bacteria
60
What is mycology
Study of fungi
61
What is parasitology
The study of parasitic protozoan worms
62
The study of aids and analysis of the action of interference are among the current research interests in
Immunology
63
New techniques in molecular biology an electron microscopy have provided tools for advancing our knowledge of
Virology
64
The development of recombinant DNA technology has helped advance
All areas of microbiology
65
What is genomics
Are you study of all of an organisms genes to study micro biomes in different environments
66
Micro organisms degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical elements to be used by
Living plants and animals
67
Bacteria are used to decompose
Organic matter and sewage
68
Bioremediation processes used bacteria to
Clean up toxic wastes
69
Bacteria that cause disease in insects are being used as
Biological control of insect pests they do not harm the environment
70
What is biotechnology
Using microbes to make products such as foods and chemicals
71
The disease producing properties of a species of microbes and the hosts resistance are important factors in
Determining whether a person will contract a disease
72
What are biofilms
Bacterial communities a form slimy layers on surfaces
73
An infectious disease is one in which pathogens invade a
susceptible host
74
An emerging infectious disease is a new or changing disease showing an increase in incidence in the past or potential to
Increase in the future
75
How did the idea of spontaneous generation come about
People came to believe that living organisms arise from nonliving matter because they would see flies coming out of manure, maggots coming out of dead animals, and microorganisms appearing in liquid after a day or two
76
How do micro organisms play a role in biological control of pests
Certain micro organism cause diseases in insects. Micro organisms that kill insects can be effective biological control age and because they are specific for the pest and do not persist in the environment
77
What roles do micro organisms play in recycling elements
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and phosphorus are required for all living organisms microorganisms convert these elements into forms that are useful for other organisms. Many bacteria decompose material and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which plants use. Some bacteria can take nitrogen from the atmosphere and converted into a form that plants and other micro organisms can use.
78
What roles do microorganisms play in normal microbiota
Normal microbiota are micro organisms that are found in an on the human body they do not usually cause disease and can be beneficial
79
What role do microorganisms play in sewage treatment
Organic matter and sewage is decomposed by bacteria into carbon dioxide, nitrates, phosphates, sulfate, and other inorganic compounds in a waste water treatment plant
80
What role does micro organisms play in human insulin production
Recombinant DNA techniques have resulted in insertion of the gene for insulin production into bacteria. These bacteria can produce human insulin inexpensively
81
What role do micro organisms play in vaccine production
Micro organisms can be used as vaccines. Some microbes can be genetically modified to produce components of vaccines.
82
What role do micro organisms play in biofilms
Bio films are aggregate bacteria adhering to each other and toy solid surface
83
Studies bio degradation of toxic waste
Biotechnology and microbial ecology
84
Studies the causative agent of Ebola virus disease
Virology
85
Studies the production of human proteins by bacteria
Bio technology, microbial genetics, microbial physiology
86
Study symptoms of aids
Immunology
87
Studies the production of toxin by E. coli
Microbial physiology
88
Studies bio degradation of pollutants
Microbial ecology
89
Develops gene therapy for a disease
Molecular biology
90
Studies the fungus candida albicans
Mycology
91
What is Archaea
Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan cell walls
92
Algae have cell walls made out of
Cellulose and are photosynthetic
93
Bacteria cell walls are made of
Peptidoglycan
94
Fungi are not
Composed of cells
95
What are Helminths
Multicellular animals
96
What are protozoa
Unicellular complex cell structure lacking a cell wall
97
Viruses are
Not composed of cells
98
They proved the DNA is the hereditary material
Avery macleod and McCarty
99
They show the genes code for enzymes
Beadle and Tatum
100
He spliced animal do you need to bacterial DNA
Berg
101
He used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent
Ehrlich
102
Discovered penicillin
Fleming
103
First to observe cells and plant material and name them
Hooke
104
Observed that viruses are filterable material
Iwanowski
105
They discovered how do you say controls proteins synthesis in the cell
Jake up and Monad
106
He developed a vaccine against smallpox
Jenner
107
Proved that organisms can cause disease
Koch
108
He proposed to classification system for streptococci based on antigens in there so walls
Lansfield
109
They discover the DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another
Lederberg and Tatum
110
What is the first to use disinfectants and surgical procedures
Lister
111
Disprove spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
112
He was the first person to characterize a virus
Stanley
113
He was the first person to observe bacteria
Van leeuwenhoek
114
He said living cells arise from free existing living cells
Virchow
115
He used bacteria to produce acetone
Weizmann
116
B. Thuringiensis is sold as
A biological pesticide
117
Saccharomyces is
The years old for making bread, wine, and beer
118
What type of microorganism has a peptidoglycan cell wall, has DNA that is not contained in the nucleus, and a flagella
Bacterium
119
Scientific names are written
Italicized genus and specific epithet
120
Bacteria do not have
The same shape
121
The most important element of coax germ theory of disease is..the animal shows disease symptoms when
A microorganism is inoculated into the animal
122
Recombinant DNA is
DNA resulting when genes of two different organisms are mixed
123
What is biogenesis
Living cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
124
Microorganisms are beneficial for
Food for humans, production of carbon dioxide, production of nitrogen for plants, and sewage treatment processes.
125
What is an essential function performed by bacteria
Decompose organic material and recycle elements
126
An example of bioremediation is
Application of oil degrading bacteria to an oil spill
127
E. coli is part of the normal microbiota them in
Humans and human intestines
128
E. coli get nutrients from
Intestinal contents
129
Describe DNA
Double stranded in cells, and most DNA viruses to form a double helix, single strand in certain viruses. The sugar is deoxyribose. Determines all hereditary traits. Composed of cytosine guanine adenine and thymine.
130
Describe RNA
Singles stranded in cells and most are in a viruses. The sugar is ribose. Function for proteins synthesis. composed of cytosine guanine adenine and uracil.
131
The science of interaction between atoms and molecules is called
Chemistry
132
The metabolic activities of micro organisms involved complex
Chemical reactions
133
Microbes break down nutrients to obtain
Energy and to form new cells
134
What is an atom
Smallest unit of chemical element that exhibits the properties of that element
135
Atoms consist of
A nucleus which contains protons and neutrons, and electrons which move around the nucleus
136
What is an atomic number
Number of protons in the nucleus
137
What Is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom Called
Atomic mass
138
Chemical reactions involve
Making or breaking bonds between atoms
139
Endergonic
Reactions absorb energy
140
Exergonixc
Reactions release energy
141
Synthesis reactions occur wgen
atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new larger molecules
142
Decomposition reactions occur when
A molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.
143
Exchange reactions are
Part synthesis and part decomposition
144
The reversibility of chemical reactions can
Go either way each direction may need special conditions
145
Organic compounds always contain
Carbon and hydrogen typically structurally complex
146
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon usually small and structurally simple
147
How is water important to microorganisms
Water makes up between 65% and 75% of every sale on average, no organism can survive without water. Outside the cell nutrients are dissolved in water which facilitates the passage through cell membranes. And inside the cell water is a medium for most chemical reactions.
148
What is an acid
Define does a substant that disassociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions does an acid can also be defined as a proton donor
149
What is a base
Does associates into one or more negatively charged hydroxide ion that can accept or combine with protons and one or more positive ions.
150
What is a salt
It is a substance that this associates in water into cations and anion’s neither of which is positive or negative
151
The concentration of hydrogen is in a solution is expressed
PH
152
Increasing hydrogen cations increases
Acidity
153
Increasing hydrogen anion increases
Alkalinity
154
Most organisms grow best between what pH is
6.5 and 8.5
155
What is a functional group
Specific groups of atoms that are commonly involved in chemical reactions in a responsible for most of the characteristic chemical properties and many other physical properties of a particular organic compound
156
Carbohydrates are made out of
Sugars and starches
157
Simple lipids are
Fat certain glycerides contain an alcohol called glycerol and produce compounds known as fatty acids
158
Complex lipids
Contain such elements as phosphorus nitrogen and sulfur in addition to carbon hydrogen and oxygen fondant simple lipids there are also called phospholipids and are made up of glycerol to fatty acids and in place of a third fatty acid a phosphate group bonded to several organic groups
159
Steroids
When an OH group is attached to one of the rings the steroid is called sterile there are found in fungi and plants
160
What are proteins made up of
Organic molecules that contain carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen some also contain sulfur
161
What are nucleic acids
DNA in another substance called ribonucleic acid are together referred to as nucleic acids because they were first discovered in the nuclei of cells
162
Nucleic acids are made up of
Nitrogen containing base a pentose sugar and a phosphate group
163
What is ATP
ATP is the principal energy carrying molecule of all cells and his indispensable to the life of the cell its doors to chemical energy released by some chemical reactions and it provides the energy for reactions that require energy
164
Inorganic compounds excluding water constitute what percent of living cells
1-1.5 percent
165
Carbon
The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
166
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon Adams glucose and deoxyribose are examples of common monosaccharides
167
Disaccharides
Form 12 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis
168
Glucose and fructose combine to form
Sucrose
169
Glucose and galactose combine to form
Lactose
170
Disaccharides can be broken down by
Hydrolysis
171
Polysaccharides consists of tens of hundreds of
Monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis examples include starch glycogen dextrin cellulose triton
172
Lipids are
The primary component of cell membranes provide the structure of cell membranes in cell walls consist of hydrogen carbon and oxygen or nonpolar and insoluble in water soluble and nonpolar solvents function and energy storage
173
Proteins are made up of
Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and sometimes sulfur their essential and the so structure and function
174
Amino acids
Proteins consist of subunits called amino acids amino acids contain an alpha carbon that has an attached carboxyl group amino group side group
175
Peptide
Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis
176
The primary structure of protein
Is a polypeptide chain
177
Secondary structure of a protein is
When the amino acid chain fold and close in the helix or pleaded sheet
178
Tertiary structure of a protein occurs
When did he likes her she falls irregularly forming this fall Jeff Bridges hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain
179
Montenery structure of a protein
Consists of two or more polypeptides
180
Proteins can undergo denaturation
Do you maturation occurs when proteins encounter hostile environment such as temperature and pH changes and therefore loser shapes and functions
