Exam 1, Chapter 1-4 Flashcards
(38 cards)
Psychology
Study of behavior and menal process (1960s)
What do we study in human development?
Study the CHANGE in behavior, mental processes associated w/age
try to answer 3 ?s
1. What changes?
2. When does it change?
3. Why does it change? Heredity and environment
Goals for human development
- describe and measure behavior change
- predict and control behavior change
- explain and understand behavior change
Primacy Factor
Why??
- Early life experiences have a greater influence on development than later life experiences
- -early behavior patterns
- -critical/sensitive periods
Recency Factor
Why?
- while development is somewhat based on early experience, early development does not fully explain later development (don`t go overboard on early experiences)
- -abillity to change behvior
- -consider Freud`s theory
Heredity-Environment Shift
- Early child development represents a transition from immature bioogical characteristics to complex behavior that is increasingly influenced by the environment
- enviornment becomes increasingly more important in shaping behavior
- shift in the heredity-environment balance
Phyloenetic
- lower species: reflexes determine many behaviors
* higher species: environmental determinants on behavior?
Orthogenetic Principle
-development proceeds from a global undifferentiated state
-through a series of discret parts
-those parts become integrate and coordinated with one another
Examples: pincher grasp
reaching
course material
Individual Differences-
3 types of infants
Why?
- easy, difficult, slow to warm up
- individual differences tend to increase over the life span
- -unique genetic backgrounds
- -unique environmental interactions with heredity
- -increased complexity and behavior
- increased & varied experiences
- -cumulative effect of experience
- -makes true developmental changes less obvious to detect
Cohort Differences
Why?
- differences cohort (generations) develop differently
- -generational differences
- -different history and timing of events
- -changes in society- technology
- -cultural changes
example: Sesame Street came out in 1969 (changed the way children processed information)
What is a theory?
criteria for a good theory
Systematic statement of principles that explains phenomenon in guides investigations of new questions
- fit
- testable
- rigor (how well is th theory put tgether)
Psychoanalytic
Approaches interpret HD in terms of intricsic drves and motivations, many of which are unconscious
Learning Theory
-Behaviorism- Pavlov, Skinner
-social learning- Bandura
look at the relationships between stimuli and responses, external influences, learning are true at all ages
cognitive theory
Piaget
information procccesing; focus on development and structure of an individual`s thought process and the effect on his or her understanding of the world on behavior
Ecological Theory
focus on dynamic interactions between the devloping self and the surroundings (society/curlture)
*Urie Bronfenbrnner
Ethological Theory
Lorenz, Buss and Gottlieb
- Focuses on bioogical and evolutionary influences characterized by critical and senstive periods
- emphasizes the role of genes
What are the stages of prenatal development?
- germinal stage
- embryonic stage
- fetal stage
Germinal stage
-conception to 2 weeks
-1st cell divison (30 hrs)
-morula (3rd day)
blastocyst (4th day) shpe forming
-passes out of fallopian tub (6th day)
-implantaion (14th day)
*exchanges between mom and zygote, becomes dependent on mother
Embryonic Stage
2 weeks-8/12 weeks
- mother-infant exchanges oxygen
- structural differentiation
- endoderm (inner layer) internal organs
- mesoderm (middle layer) bones, reroductive organs
- ectoderm (outer layer) skin teeth
- Period of most raid organ growth
Fetal Stage
8/12 weeks- birth (38 weeks)
- no new parts developing
- growth, detail, and functioing organs
- age of viability (6 months) 50/50 chance of survivial
Premature infants
> 35 weeks
5 pounds
-breathing and body temperature critical things at birth
-holding and cuddling important
rats have taught a lot about premature babies
What is a teratogen?
Factors that determine effect
external agent that can impair prenatal development and lead to an abnormalities, disabilities, and even death
Ex: diseaase(syphilis), lifestyle (smoking), drugs, Exposure (radiation)
1. timing
2. genetic vulnerability
Newborn
- 8-20 inches
- 5.5-10 pounds
- sleep 10-21 hrs
- senses: taste, touch, smell are well developed
- hearing: fairly well-developed
- sight: least developed sense
- mostly involuntary reflexes
Visual acuity
Newborn: 20/600
6 month: 20/60
1 year: 20/25
