Exam 1 chapter 2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
prokaryotic comes from the greek words
A
pre-nucleus
2
Q
eukarytic comes from the greek word
A
true nucleus
3
Q
karyon is greek for
A
nut/kernal
4
Q
eukaryotes have
A
histones
oganelles
polysacharide cell walls
mitotic spindle
paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane
5
Q
prokaryotes have
A
one ciruclar chromosome no membrane
no histones
no organelles
bacteria: peptidoglyan cell walls
archaea-psuedomurein cell walls
binary fission
6
Q
moephology means
A
shape
7
Q
most bacteria are
A
monomorphic (some pleomorphic)
8
Q
3 Major bacterial cell morphologies
A
coccus (spherical)
bacillus(rod shaped)
spiral
9
Q
diplo, clusters, and chains are abbreviations for what shapes
A
pairs, clusters, chains
10
Q
Size range for prokaryotes:
A
0.2 μm to >600
μm in diameter
11
Q
Size range for eukaryotic cells
A
5 to >100 μm in
diameter
12
Q
Small cells have more ________
relative to cell volume than large cells
A
surface area
13
Q
small cells Tend to grow ____ than larger cells
A
faster
14
Q
cell wall of prokaryotes do what
A
Prevents osmotic lysis
15
Q
Bacteria divided into two broad groups based on cell
wall can be shown different by
A
stained with the Gram stain
16
Q
gram positive
A
thick peptidoglycan
teichoic acids
17
Q
gram negative
A
thin peptidoglycan
outer membrane
periplasmic shape
18
Q
Disaccharide polymer is made of
A
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM
19
Q
peptidogylcan made of
A
disacharide polymer
amino acid bridges
and lysine or diamonopimelic acid
20
Q
gram positive cell walls contain _____ peptidoglycan
A
90%
21
Q
gram positive cell walls have _____ acids
A
teichoic
22
Q
gram positive cell walls may regulate movement of
A
cations
23
Q
polysacharides provide _________ in gram positive cell walls
A
antigenic variation
24
Q
Gram Negative Cell Walls contains about _____ peptidoglycan
A
10%
25
in Gram Negative Cell Walls most of the cell wall is composed of
outer membrane
26
Gram-Negative Outer Membrane provides protection from
phagocytes, complement, and
antibiotics
27
key features of Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7
Lipid A is an endotoxin
Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane
28
Gram Stain Mechanism for positive
crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) crystals form in cell
alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave
29
Alcohol dehydrates
peptidoglycan
30
Gram Stain Mechanism for negative
Crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) crystals form in cell
Gram-positive
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in
peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out
31
An additional protective layer commonly
found in free-living bacteria and archaea
S layer
32
where is the s layer located
outermost layer
33
the s layer is a
Crystalline layer of thick subunits consisting
of protein or glycoprotein
34
the s layer may contribute to
cell shape
and help protect the cell
from osmotic stress
35
what are the Atypical Cell Walls
Acid-fast cell walls, Mycoplasmas, archaea
36
Mycoplasmas lack
cell walls, and sterols in plasmsa membrane
37
archaea are wall-less or walls are
pseudomurein
38
pseudomurein
lack NAM and D-amino acids
39
Acid-fast cell walls
Like gram-positive cell walls
Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
Also includes unusual sugars (arabinogalactans)
Mycobacterium and Nocardia
40
Glycocalyx characteristics
cell wall, sticky, involved in biofilm formation,
41
capsules in glycocalyx prevent
phagocytosis and dehydration
42
in glycocalyx there are 2 types
Capsule: neatly organized
Slime layer: unorganized and loose
43
flagella
Allow for motility, Via rotation
Extends outside the cell wall
Made of chains of flagellin (protein)
Attached to a protein hook
Anchored to the wall and membrane by the
basal body
44
Fimbriae
Protein structures
Allow attachment
44
Flagella proteins are ____ antigens
H
45
pili usually longer then a
Usually longer than fimbriae
46
types of pili
Conjugation Pilus, Type IV Pilus
47
type IV Pilus
Gliding motility/Twitching motility
Attachment
48
conjuction pilus
Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to
another
49
functions of the plasms membrane
protein enachor, permability, defines existence
50
location of proton motive force
plasms membrane
51
structure of the plasms membrane phospholipid bilayer
made up of proteins
52
what proteins make up plasms membrane
peripheral proteins and integral proteins
53
plasms membrane movement
proteins move to function, phospholipids rotate and move laterally
54
A ______ consists of
glycerol with ester links to
two fatty acids and a
phosphoryl head group
phospholipid
55
the two layers of
phospholipids in the bilayer
are called
leaflets.
56
_____ have the most extreme variations in
phospholipid side-chain structures
Archaea
57
archaea's Lipids lack fatty acids; have ___
isoprenes
58
archaea Exist as
lipid monolayers, bilayers, or a mixture
59
what causes leakage of cell contents in plasms membrane
Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary
ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics
60
in plasmsa membrane Photosynthetic pigments on foldings are called
chromatophores or thylakoids
61
plasms membrane enzymes help with ____
ATP
62
plasmsm membrane has Secretion of
virulence factors and communication
signals
63
Simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an
area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
64
Facilitated diffusion
solute combines with a
transporter protein in the membrane
65
osmosis
the movement of water across a
selectively permeable membrane from an area of
high water to an area of lower water concentration
66
osmotic pressure
the pressure needed to stop the
movement of water across the membrane
67
osmosis occurs through ______ in aquaporins
lipid bilayer
68
aquaporins are
water channels
69
Active Transport Systems used to transport nutrients against
concentration
gradients
70
active transport system requires a ______ and _____
transporter protein and energy in some
form
71
three major types of active transport systems in prokaryotes
Simple transport
Group translocation
ABC system
72
three possible transport events
uniport, antiport, symport
73
uniport explain
one goes through
74
antiport explain
one comes in and one can come out at same time
75
symport explain
2 can enter same side same time
76
The substance inside the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
77
nuceloid describe
haploid
no histones
closed circular
bacterial chromosome
78
haploid
single set of chromosomes
79
the nucleoid forms
about ___ loops or
domains.
50
80
in nuceloid Within each
domain, the DNA is
supercoiled by DNA-
binding proteins.
81
The Escherichia coli
nucleoid appears as
clear regions that
exclude the ____
and contain the___
ribosome; DNA
strands.
82
function of prokaryotic ribosomes
protein synthesis
83
the strcutre of a prokaryotic ribosome is
70S-50S+30S subunits
84
cell inclusions are
non-living, non-membrane-bound structures found within the cytoplasm of cells
85
(cell inclusions) Polysaccharide granules important
energy reserves
86
importance of the cell inclusion- Polyphosphates
inorganic phosphate
87
important of the cell inclusions sulfur globules
elemental sulfur
88
important of the cell inclusion Carboxysomes
Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate
carboxylase
for CO2 fixation
89
importance of the cell inclusion Magnetosomes
magnetic storage inclusions
90
what is the cell inlcusion gas vessicles
protein-covered cylinders
91
endospores are the ______ stage of bacterial cell cycle
dormant
92
endospores are Resistant to
desiccation, heat, chemicals, and
radiation
93
endospores Can be dispersed
by wind, water, feces
94
sporulation does what
endospore formation
95
structure of endospore
has a little bit of water, lots of dipicolinic acid and calcium ions, it also has a small acid-soluable spore proteins
96
the endospore spore structure
core, cortex, outer membrane, endospore coat, exosporium
97
Histones are in
eukaryotes
98
Histone-like proteins in
prokaryotes
99
cytoskeleton structure in n eukaryotes composed of:
microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, microtubules
100
cytoskeleton structures in prokaryotes composed of
actin and tubulin homologs
101
ribosomes are responsible for
protein synthesis
102
eukaryotes are __S
80
103
prokaryotes are ___S
70
104
in eukaryotes ribosomes are located
Membrane-bound: attached to ER
Free: in cytoplasm
105
in prokaryotes ribosomes ar elocated
in chloroplasts and mitochondria
Think of these implications
106
in eukaryotes the nucleus contains
chromosomes
107
what organelles are found in eukaryotes
ER
GOLGI compelx
Lysosome
Vacuole
Mitochondion
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Centrosome
108
ER is a
transport network
109
golgi compelx does what
membrane formation and secretion
110
lysosome is the
digestive enzyme
111
vacuole
brings food into cells and provides support
112
mitochondrion is responsible for
cellular resperiation
113
chloroplast is responsible for
photosynthesis
114
peroxisome does what
oxidates of fatty acids; destroys H2O2
115
centrosomes consist of
protein fibers and centrioles
