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Phys 3 > Exam 1: Cont. > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cont. Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Law of Laplace

A

Increase in tension will increase force of ventricular contraction

Larger chamber will have to generate more wall tension, consuming more energy and oxygen

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2
Q

Chronotropic

A

Affects HR

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3
Q

Dromotropic

A

Affects conduction velocity

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4
Q

Inotropic

A

Affects strength of contraction

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5
Q

Frank starling law of heart

A

Within physiologic limits, heart will pump all blood that returns without allowing excessive damming of blood in veins

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6
Q

Increased venous return causes …

A
  1. Increased stretch on cardiac muscle fibers
  2. Increased cross-bridge formation
  3. Increased calcium influx
  4. Increased stretch on SA node
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7
Q

Heterometric autoregulation

A

As cardiac fibers stretched force of contraction increased

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8
Q

Homeometric autoregulation

A

Increase strength of contraction independent of length change

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9
Q

Stretch on SA node will increase ___ permeability which will increase ___

A

Ca/Na

HR

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10
Q

Extrinsic influences on HR

A

ANS
Hormones
Ionic influences
Temperature

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11
Q

Sympathetics, using ____, does what?

A

NorEpi

Increase HR
+ strength of contraction
+ conduction velocity

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12
Q

Parasympathetics, using ___, does what?

A

ACTH

  • HR
  • strength of contraction
  • conduction velocity
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13
Q

___ has dominant - influence on resting HR

A

Parasympathetics

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14
Q

SNS blocked with ___, which is a beta blocker

A

Propranolol

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15
Q

Parasympathetic effects blocked using ___, which blocks muscarinic receptors

A

Atropine

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16
Q

Under resting conditions:
____ exerts dominant - effect on HR

____ exerts dominant + effect on strength of contraction

A

PSNS

SNS

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17
Q

___ accounts for most of SNS effect

A

Direct innervation of cardiac cells

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18
Q

Indirect effects of SNS due to

A

Circulating catecholamines (Epi and NorEpi)

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19
Q

Stimulation of left stellate ganglion

A

Decreased ventricular fibrillation threshold

Prolonged QT interval

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20
Q

Stimulation of right stellate ganglion

A

Increased ventricular fibrillation threshold

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21
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

Stretch on right atrial wall stimulates stretch receptors -> send signals to MO -> + SNS outflow to heart

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22
Q

Bainbridge reflex helps prevent

A

Damming of blood in heart and central veins

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23
Q

Benzold-Jarisch reflex

A

Stimulation of sensory endings mainly in ventricles -> reflex via CN X

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24
Q

Benzold-Jarisch reflex effects results in

A

Hypotension and bradycardia

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25
Benzold-jarisch reflex stimulated by
Occlusion of circumflex Artery Increase in LVP and LV volumes
26
Thyroid hormones influence
+ inotropic + chronotropic Increase CO by increasing BMR
27
Effects of elevated K
Dilation and flaccidity of cardiac muscle Decreases resting membrane potential
28
Effect of elevated Ca
Spastic contraction
29
HR increases about _____ for every degree F elevation in body temperature
10 beats
30
_____ will increase temporarily but prolonged fever can decrease contractile strength
Contractile strength
31
Decreased body temp decreases ___ and ___
HR | Strength
32
Preferred energy substrate
Fatty acids
33
Last resort energy substrate
Amino acids
34
75% of NRG heart utilizes is converted to
Heat
35
EKG measures
Potential difference across surface of myocardium with respect to time
36
Normal rate of bps
60-80
37
> 100
Tachycardia
38
< 50
Bradycardia
39
If PR interval is greater than .2 sec, it indicates
1st degree AV block
40
Normal PR interval
.16 sec
41
P wave
Atrial depolarization
42
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization
43
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
44
Atrial repolarization is buried in the
QRS complex
45
Routine EKG consists of 12 leads: 6 in the ___ and 6 in the ____
Frontal plane Chest (horizontal plane)
46
Wave of depolarization moving toward + electrode
Increase deflection
47
Wave of repolarization moving toward + electrode
Decrease deflection
48
Wave of depolarization moving toward - electrode
Decrease deflection
49
Wave of repolarization moving toward - electrode
Increase deflection
50
Lead 1 complementary to
AvF
51
Lead 2 complementary to
AvL
52
Lead 3 complementary to
AvR
53
Infarction preceded by
Ischemia
54
Sing of ischemia
Inverted T wave
55
Hypertrophy: axis shifts _____
To side of problem
56
____ deviation MC in Hypertrophy
L axis deviation
57
HR order for EKG
``` 300 150 100 75 60 50 ```
58
PR interval
Time from SA node to entering ventricle Includes AV nodal delay
59
1st degree AV block
PR interval greater than .2 sec
60
Prolonged QT interval
Increased incidence of sudden cardiac death More likely to develop v fib
61
Heart rate variability is ___, because it means there is varying autonomic tone
Good
62
2nd degree AV block
Dropped beat P wave with no associated QRS complex
63
3rd degree AV block
No relationship between P waves and QRS complex
64
Normal QRS complex duration
.06-.08 s
65
Prolonged QRS complex associated with
Ventricular Hypertrophy Conduction block in purkinje System
66
Mean electrical axis
Average direction of ventricular depolarization
67
Ventricle depolarizes in what direction
Base to apex Endocardium to epicardium
68
Normal axis between
-30 to + 105 degrees
69
Conduction block and hypertrophy shift axis
To side of problem
70
Left bundle branch block creates
Left axis deviation
71
____ limits myocardial blood flow, especially in LV
Contraction of cardiac muscle
72
Left coronary flow peaks at
Onset of diastole
73
Right coronary flow peaks
Mid systole
74
Resting myocardium O2 extracting rate
70% (maximal O2 out of perfusing coronary flow)
75
O2 taken out at rest system wide
25%
76
O2 taken out during exercise
50%
77
Depolarization and repolarization waves should be in ___ direction, so QRS and T waves points in ___ direction
Opposite Same
78
Ischemia prolongs ___ and delays ____
Depolarization Repolarization
79
Ischemia causes depolarization and repolarization waves to be in
Same direction
80
Damaged cells due to infarction lose ability to
Repolarize
81
Most frank damage during infarction occurs due to
Reperfusion injury (ROS damage)
82
Elevated ST segment suggests
Infarction
83
Released when myocardial necrosis occurs
Troponin
84
_____ are highly sensitive and specific for cardiac damage
Cardiac troponins T and I

Phys 3 (8 decks)

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