Exam 1 Content

Question 1

Coordinated response of living organisms to internal and/or external stimuli (environment)

Answer 1

behavior

Question 2

observing events
organizing knowledge
providing explanations through the formulation and testing of hypotheses

Answer 2

scientific process

Question 3

The scientific method is a formalized process that involves ______ ______

Answer 3

hypothesis testing

Question 4

explanation based on assumptions that makes a testable prediction

Answer 4

research hypothesis

Question 5

statistical hypothesis that the proposed explanation for observations does have a significant effect

Answer 5

alternate hypothesis

Question 6

Statistical hypothesis that observations result from chance; allows us to test our ideas mathematically

Answer 6

null hypothesis

Question 7

represents 2 variables that vary together predictably; relation between 2 variables

Answer 7

correlation

Question 8

deals with immediate causes, immediate response; what results if this happens

Ex. metabolism increase temperature

Answer 8

proximate explanation

Question 9

deals with the evolutionary history; is there something in the past that lead to this development?

Ex. asking why type of questions, historically

Answer 9

ultimate explanations

Question 10

What are Tinbergen’s four questions

Answer 10

1. Mechanism
2. Development
3. Survival and reproduction
4. Evolutionary/phylogeny

Question 11

studies animal behavior, often in a comparative manner across species, in order to understand human minds

Answer 11

comparative psychology

Question 12

examined animal consciousness, comparative biology

Answer 12

George Romanes

Question 13

the simplest psychological process possible should be used to interpret an animal’s behavior

Answer 13

Morgan’s Canon, C. Lloyd Morgan

Question 14

pioneered use of standardized methodology and experimental method

Answer 14

E.L. Thorndike

Question 15

Research on motor theory of consciousness; author of experimental methods in comparative psychology

Answer 15

Margaret Floy Washburne

Question 16

Field of comparative psychology that studies behavior independent of animal mental states or consciousness

Answer 16

behaviorism

Question 17

classical or Pavlovian conditioning; occurs when novel stimulus is pared with existing stimulus

Answer 17

Ivan Pavlov

Question 18

Skinner boxes; chamber to study behavioral conditioning

Answer 18

B. F. Skinner

Question 19

Study behavior of wild animals in nature by observation and experimentation

Answer 19

classical ethology

Question 20

studied honeybee sensory perception and communication

Answer 20

Karl von Frisch

Question 21

studied instinctive behavior in birds (imprinting)

Answer 21

Konrad Lorenz

Question 22

Studied instinct

Answer 22

Niko Tinbergen

Question 23

behaviors that are invariant and unlearned; individual knows behavior instinctively

Answer 23

fixed action patterns

Question 24

initiate a fixed action pattern

Answer 24

releaser stimuli

Question 25

seeks to understand human thinking and behavior and assumes that natural selection has shaped brain architecture and thought processes in an adaptive manner

Answer 25

evolutionary psychology

Question 26

seeks to understand how natural selection acts on mental processes and cognition

Answer 26

cognitive ethology

Question 27

focuses on the ecology and evolution of behavior and its fitness consequences

Answer 27

behavioral ecology

Question 28

attributing human motivations, characteristics, or emotions to animals

Answer 28

anthropomorphism

Question 29

"goal" directed

Answer 29

teleological