Exam 1 Content (pt 1) Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
what does organization entail?
A
organisms consisting of one or more cells
2
Q
what are the properties of life?
A
- organization
- sensitivity
- reproduction
- adaptation
- growth/ development
- regulation
- homeostasis
- energy processing for metabolism
3
Q
what is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
A
energy cannot be created nor destroyed
4
Q
what is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
A
the degree of disorder in the universe tends to increase, but can be decreased when there is an input of work
5
Q
what are the experiments that show that living organisms cannot arise from non-living matter?
A
- maggots in jar (Redi)
- microbes not arising in swan neck flask (Pasteur)
6
Q
cause of occurrence of natural selection
A
inherited variation
variants best fit lead to greater numbers in the future
7
Q
what are the types of variation?
A
- genetic
- environmental
8
Q
examples of environmental variation
A
- drought resistant plants
- antibiotic resistant bacteria
9
Q
examples of genetic variation
A
- DNA mutation
- different blood types
10
Q
purposes of a membrane
A
- separates living materials from the nonliving environment
- creates compartments within cells
11
Q
what are the essential features of all cells?
|MNM
A
- membranes
- nucleic acids (DNA/ RNA)
- metabolism
12
Q
definition
metabolism
A
chemical reactions that sustain life
13
Q
DNA contains all cellular information
A
true
14
Q
transcription is the process in which RNA is synthesized using information stored by DNA
A
true
15
Q
definition
translation
A
the process in which RNA is read by the body to build proteins
16
Q
what is the central dogma of biology?
A
defines the flow of information from DNA transcription to RNA translation into a protein
17
Q
A
phylogenetic tree
18
Q
all organisms use energy in the form of ATP, spending it like “cash”
A
true
19
Q
evolutionary theory
A
predicts new species arise by divergence of populations from a common ancestor
20
Q
what are the types of prokarya?
A
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya
21
Q
what makes eukarya the highest level of prokarya?
A
contains a nucleus
22
Q
definition
ecology
A
the study of how organisms interact with one another and their surroundings
23
Q
how are living systems organized?
A
hierarchically; subcellular to the entire biosphere
24
Q
what are the main components of scientific inquiry?
A
- exploration
- investigation
- communication
25
what is the purpose of a ***hypothesis***?
*makes predictions* about observations
26
why do *hypotheses* need to be tested in ***controlled experiments***?
to determine if it is *acceptable* & can be *replicated* in different kinds of experiments
27
how is a hypothesis elevated to a *theory*?
when it has been tested multiple ways & supported by multiple experiments and observations
28
# definition
controlled experiment
one that is designed to *compare* between ***experimental group*** & ***control group***
29
how many variables are given a ***control group***?
0
30
how many variables are given an ***experimental group***?
1+
31
# definition
placebo
a "fake" treatment given to control groups to *mimic* the experience of experimental groups
32
what is a ***vehicle*** in a controlled experiment?
the solvent used in which a drug can be "carried"
33
# definition
variable
a factor that may change in an experiment
34
# definition
independent variable
factors changed by the researcher
35
# definition
dependent variable
factors that are measured as a result of the independent variable
36
# definition
constant
all the factors that remain the same throughout the experiment
37
# definition
n-value
number of data points obtained from the experiment
38
what is the purpose of a ***p-value***?
explains the probability that a finding is random
39
highly significant *p-value*
p < 0.001
40
# definition
**r-value**
correlation coefficient
41
what is the purpose of an ***r-value***?
measures how *related* two variables are
42
# purpose
**line graphs**
displays *continuous* variables
43
# purpose
**bar graphs**
* *categorical* ***independent***
* *continuous* ***dependent***
44
# purpose
**pie charts**
shows data that are *parts of a whole*
45
# purpose
**histograms**
* distributes *continous* data
* displays ***frequencies*** of data along the *y-axis*
46
features of good graphs
1. equal intervals
2. clear origin
3. units of measurement on axes
4. key/ legend included
47
types of chemical bonds
1. ionic
2. covalent
3. hydrogen
4. hydrophobic
5. Van der Waals
| in order of strength
48
# definition
ionic bonds
form between oppositely charged *ions*
49
# definition
hydrogen bonds
involves hydrogen & an electronegative atom
50
# definition
covalent bonds
formed as a result of *electron sharing*
51
types of covalent bonds
1. polar
2. nonpolar
52
# definition
***polar*** covalent bonds
bond between 2 atoms where electrons are *unequally* shared
53
***non-polar*** covalent bonds involves how many & what type of atoms?
2 atoms of the same nonmetal elements
54
# definition
Van der Waals attraction
non-directional attractive forces that occur between two atoms that drift close to each other
55
properties of ***water***
* cohesion
* adhesion
* high heat capacity
* low ice density
* solubility
* hydrophobic exclusion
56
what are the properties of liquids that make up their *surface tension*?
* cohesion
* adhesion
57
how does **hydrogen bonding** give water its unique property of _high heat capacity_?
high temperatures break hydrogen bonds instead of increasing molecular activity
58
what causes ice to have a *low density*?
*hydrogen bonding* that allows molecules to become far apart
(ice molecules form hexagonal structures, btw)
| (you can "pack" less molecules in a given sample of ice)
59
why is water highly soluble?
the ***polarity*** of water molecules makes them attracted to *ions* & *polar compounds*
60
# definition
hydrophobic exclusion
tendency of nonpolar molecules to aggregate and become excluded from water
61
types of functional groups in organic molecules
| (8)
1. amino
2. amide
3. carboxyl
4. carbonyl
5. hydroxyl
6. sulfhydryl
7. methyl
8. phosphate
62
types of organic molecules
| (4)
* proteins
* nucleic acids
* carbohydrates
* lipids
63
# definition
**proteins**
chains of *covalently linked* **amino acids**
64
# functions
**proteins**
* structural components for cell shape & movement
* accelerates chemicals reactions *(enzyme)*
65
what allows *amino acids* to differ from one another?
R-groups
66
# purpose
amino acid sequences
dictates protein folding & function
67
order of amino acids in a protein
| (3)
* primary structure
* secondary structure
* tertiary structure
68
# definition
primary structure
the ***linear sequence*** of amino acids *(determines how proteins fold)*
69
# definition
secondary structure
the polypeptide chain begins to fold locally into *secondary structures* due to ***hydrogen bonding***
70
what are the types of ***secondary structures***?
* alpha helix
* beta sheets
71
# definition
tertiary structure
the 3D structure defined by ***amino acid R groups***
72
# definition
quaternary structure
still a 3D structure that forms from a polypeptide chain that contains ***2 or more subunits*** *(peptide chains)*
73
how many subunits do *most* amino acids contain?
one
74
# definition
protein
a chain of ***covalently linked*** amino acids
75
# definition
peptide bond
(C-N)
the bond between a ***carbon*** from a *carboxyl group* and a ***nitrogen*** from an *adjacent amino acid*
| *carboxyl group* is part of an amino acid
76
which domain belongs to harsh environments?
Archaea
77
Eukarya and Archaea share a more recent common ancestor
True
78
what kind of membrane do prokaryotes have?
Nuclear
79
types of **ionic bonds** (examples)
* NaCl
* protein phosphorylation
80
what makes **carbon** *life’s chemical backbone*?
carbon behaves as if it has 4 unpaired electrons
81
purpose of proteins
* provide structure
* enzymes
82
purpose of lipids
* constitutes cell membranes
* stores energy
* facilitates cell communication
83
purpose of carbohydrates (CHO)
* provide structure
* ***source*** of energy
84
purpose of nucleic acid
***encodes*** and ***transmits*** genetic information
85
what type of ring do **pyrimidine bases** have?
single
86
what type of ring do **purine bases** have?
double
87
what type of bond occurs between base pairs?
hydrogen bond
88
what is the sugar in DNA?
deoxyribose
89
what is the sugar in RNA?
ribose
90
where on an RNA nucleotide is the ***hydroxyl group***?
2' carbon
91
which nucleotides can *base pair* with ***pryrimidine***?
* cytosine
* thymine
92
which nucleotides can *base pair* with ***purine***?
* adenine
* guanine
| *-nine*
93
what type of bond exists between ***hydrogen*** and ***oxygen*** in a water molecule?
polar covalent
94
what is the molecule involved in an ***amino group***?
NH2
95
what are the groups that attach to the ***alpha carbon*** in an amino acid?
* amino group
* carboxyl group
* hydrogen atom
* R-group
96
why are ***enzymes*** *soluble proteins*?
these are catalysts that need to be dissolved right away to facilitate rxns
97
proteins are very prone to *misfolding*, what do they need in order to do it right?
chaperones
98
***A-T*** base pairing is weaker than ***G-C*** pairing
true
99
what is the ratio between **CHO** in its molecule?
1:2:1
100
what type of sugar is the simplest **CHO**?
saccharides
| monosaccharides
101
what is it called when ***saccharides*** combine?
polysaccharides
| complex carbohydrate
102
what type of bind forms between *monosaccharides* to aggregate into *polysaccharides*?
glycosidic bonds
103
what are ***fatty acids*** made out of?
long chains of ***Carbon*** attached to a **-COOH**
104
properties of **saturated fats**
| (aka animal fat)
* has max number of hydrogens
* absent double bonded Carbons
* solids at room temp
105
properties of **unsaturated fats**
| (aka plant oil, fish oil)
* less than max number of hydrogen atoms
* one or more double bonded carbons
* liquids at room temp
106
# purpose
triglycerides
energy storage
107
what are the bonds present between the fatty acids of **triglycerides**?
van Der Waals
108
on what factors is the *melting point* of ***triglycerides*** dependent?
* *length* of chain
* *saturation* of chains in a given amount
109
catalysts increase rate of chemical reactions without being consumed
true
110
types of lipids
* fatty acids
* triglycerides
* steroids
* phospholipids
111
how are the molecules of **cholesterol** arranged?
a ring of **Carbon** atoms
112
*cholesterol* is the precursor for **steroid hormone**
| (i.e. estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
true
113
what are **phospholipids** made of?
* **glycerol backbone** that has a *polar phosphate group*
* two *nonpolar* **fatty acids**
114
# definition
**amphipathic**
a molecule that has *polar* & *nonpolar* regions
| (aka ***hydrophobic*** & ***hydrophilic*** parts)
115
# purpose
**enzyme inhibitors**
decreases enzyme activity
116
how do **allosteric enzymes** regulate *key* metabolic pathways?
| (allosteric regulation)
binds to sites other than the *active site*
117
how do *enzymes* form an active site?
enzymes that have a 3˚structure attracts amino acids to form it
118
how are complex carbohydrates formed?
monosaccharides attach to each other with **glycosidic bonds**
119
major cell membranes are phospholipids
true
120
what is the purpose of the **tertiary structure** of an enzyme?
* defines the *function* of an amino acid
* responsible for the formation of an *enzyme's* ***active site***
121
what are the **domains of life**?
* Archaea
* Eukarya
* Bacteria
122
what is the *structure* of a **triglyceride**?
* one glycerol backbone
* _3_ fatty acids
