Exam #1: Endocrine System & Blood Flashcards by kay !

What are the two classes of hormones?

Steroid, amino acid based

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Which class of hormone (steroid or amino acid based) are ALL lipid-soluble, meaning they CAN cross the plasma membrane?

Steroid

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Which class of hormone (steroid or amino acid based) is usually water-soluble, meaning it can NOT cross the plasma membrane?

Amino acid based

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What tool does the Endocrine system use to have cell specificity?

Target cells

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_____ ___: how specifity works for endocrine system hormones, including altering ___ ___ activity, increasing/decreasing the rates of normal cellular processes

Target cells

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___ produce one or more of the following changes: stimulate mitosis, activate/deactivate enzymes, stimulate synthesis of enzymes & other proteins within the cell, alters plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, or both, by opening/closing ion channels

Hormones

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__-___ hormones (all amino-acid based hormones except thyroid) act on receptors in the plasma membrane (usually done via regulatory molecules called G proteins to 1 or more intracellular second messenger)

Water-soluble

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___-___ hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones) act on receptors inside the cell, which directly activate genes

Lipid-soluble

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____ stimuli activate secretion by direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients (ex: parathyroid glands monitor the bodys crucial blood Ca2+ levels and release PTH as needed)

Humoral

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___ stimuli activate secretion by nerve fibers stimulating hormone release (ex: when sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine/epinephrine in response to stress)

Neural

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____ stimuli activate secretion by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus, regulate the secretion of most of anterior pituitary hormones & many anterior pituitary hormones in turn stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

Hormonal

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What is the concept that says a cell MUST have specific receptor proteins on its plasma membrane or in its interior to which a hormone can bind to? (Hint: three word answer)

Target cell activation

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___-Regulation: when persistently low levels of a hormone can cause its target cells to form additional receptors for that hormone

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___-Regulation: prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations that decrease the # of receptors for that hormone

Down

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____: one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present (Ex: lack of thyroid hormone delays reproductive development)

Permissiveness

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___: when one or more hormone produces the same effects as the target cells and their combined effects are amplified (Ex: both glucagon and epinephrine cause the liver to release glucose to the blood, when working together, the amount of glucose released is about 150% of what would be released had they acted alone)

Synergism

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___: occurs when one hormone imposes the action of another (Ex: this happens to insulin by glucagon; these types of relationships may compete for the same receptors, act through different metabolic pathways, or even cause down-regulation of the receptors for the opposing hormone)

Antagonism

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What hormone is this description describing?
Function: metabolic hormone, protein synthesis & mitosis
Non-tropic, released by the Anterior Pituitary

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What hormone is this description describing?
Function: milk production for females
Non-tropic, released by the anterior pituitary

Prolactin

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What hormone is this description describing?
Function: activate thyroid gland
Tropic, released by the anterior pituitary

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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What hormone is this description describing?
Function: activate adrenal gland cortex
Tropic hormone, released by the anterior pituitary

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin hormone)

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What hormone is this description describing?
Function: activate sperm and egg production by the gonads
Tropic-hormone, released by the anterior pituitary gland

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

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What hormone is this description describing?
Function: activate reproductive hormone production by the gonads
Tropic-hormone, released by the anterior pituitary

LH (luteinizing hormone)

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What hormone is this description describing?
Function: aids in regulation of sleep cycles
Released by the pineal gland

Melatonin

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What hormone is this description describing? Function: decreases blood glucose Produced by the beta cells in the pancreas, considered a hypoglycemic hormone

Insulin

What hormone is this description describing? Function: increases blood glucose Produced by alpha cells in the pancreas, considered a hyperglycemic hormone

Glucagon

Glycogenesis or Gluconeogenesis? : breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycogenesis

Glycogenesis or Gluconeogenesis? : synthesis of glucose from lactic acid & noncarbohydrates

Gluconeogenesis

What hormone is this description describing? Function: in the uterus (stimulates contractions during childbirth), in the mammary glands (milk ejection), in the brain ("love" neurotransmitter, included with the mother/child bond) Produced by Posterior Pituitary, uses positive feedback

Oxytocin

What hormone is this description describing? Function: when targeting the kidney tubules (reabsorb more water, inhibiting/preventing urine formation), when targeting blood vessels at high concentrations (vasoconstriction) Produced by Posterior Pituitary, net resulting in an increase in blood volume and pressure

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

What 2 hormones is this description describing? Function: metabolic rate, regulation of growth and development (skeletal, nervous, & reproductive systems), maintenance of blood pressure (increases ANS receptors in blood vessels) Produced by the thyroid

T3 and T4 (TH)

What hormone is this description describing? Function: (when at higher doses than normal) inhibits osteoclasts and released of Ca2+ from bone matrix, stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorporation into bone matrix Produced by thyroid, antagonist to PTH

Calcitonin

What hormone is this description describing? Function: released in the event of hypocalcemia (low blood Ca2+) causing Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney tubules, activation of Vitamin D by kidney & osteoclast activity in bone causing Ca and PO release into blood Produced by parathyroid

Parathyroid hormone (PH)

The primary hormone from the mineralocorticoids is ____.

Aldosterone

The primary hormone from the glucocorticoids is ____.

Cortisol

The primary hormone from the gonadocorticoids is ____.

Weak androgens

___ ___: onset of puberty, appearance of secondary sex characteristics, sex drive in women, estrogen in postmenopausal women (included in the gonadocorticoids class released within the adrenal cortex)

Weak androgens

___: Na+ absorption and water retention, elimination of K+, released in the mineralocorticoids class by the adrenal cortex)

Aldosterone

___: helps us resist stressors, influences metabolism of most cells, keep blood glucose levels relatively constant. maintains blood pressure by rising action of vasoconstrictors (included in the glucocorticoids class released by the adrenal cortex)

Cortisol

The adrenal medulla releases two hormones that cause the "___ or ___" response.

Fight or flight

Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that they do NOT a. have a blood supply b. have ducts c. secrete chemical messengers d. have cells

Hormones that directly activate genes are classified as a. amino acid based b. water soluble c. lipid soluble d. G proteins

The target organ of the hormone erythropoietin is the ___ a. kidney (what makes it) b. liver c. thymus d. red bone marrow

AB- can donate to who a. O negative b. B negative c. AB positive d. B neg and AB neg

The target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone is the ___ a. anterior pituitary b. posterior pituitary c. hypothalamus d. thyroid

A positive receives all except a. O+ b. O- c. A+ d. A- e. AB+

Which hormone directly causes the reproductive organs to release estrogen or testosterone? a. GnRH b. FSH c. LH d. CIH

Most of the amino acid-based hormones affect the target organs using __ a. intracellular second messengers b. intracellular receptors c. direct activation of genes d. relay proteins

Which of the following are present in a mature red blood cell? a. nucelus b. plasma membrane c. ribosome d. mitochondrion

The anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called ___. a. releasing hormones b. target hormones c. tropic hormones d. stimulating hormones

O+ has which of the following antibodies a. anti-Rh b. anti-A c. anti-B d. anti-AB e. anti-A and anti-B

This hormone is important in sodium regulation and therefore water balance a. aldosterone b. ADH c. cortisol d. ACTH

Where is oxytocin produced a. anterior pituitary gland b. posterior pituitary gland c. hypothalamus d. ovary

The protein backbone of a blood clot is ____. a. thrombin (turns the fibrinogen into fibrin) b. plasmin c. heparin d. fibrin

The universal recipient is ___. a. Type O b. Type AB c. Type A d. Type B

These cells contain histamine and are the least numerous of the white blood cellls a. neutrophils b. eosinophils c. mast cells d. basophils

What are the effects of insulin? a. increased glucose uptake by the bodys cells b. increased glycogenesis by the liver c. increased glycolysis by the bodys cells d. all of the other choices are correct.

The levels of a hormone increase in response to some stimulus, but then decrease once the issue has been resolved. This regulatory process is called ___. a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. reciprocal inhibition d. down regulation

In which region of the adrenal gland is aldosterone produced? a. zona reticularis b. adrenal cortex c. zona fasiculata d. adrenal medulla

AB+ contains what antigens a. A b. B c. Rh d. A, B, and Rh e. No antigens

The epiphyseal plate is the target organ of this hormone. a. GH b. ACTH c. glucagon d. PTH

Platelets are fragments of which cells? a. leukocytes b. thrombocytes c. megakaryocytes d. reticulocytes

Which area of the brain regulates the endocrine system? a. cerebral cortex b. hypothalamus c. neurohypophysis d. thalamus

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because _. a. preformed antibodies in the donors plasma will attack and kill the recipients healthy blood cells b. clotting factors in the donors blood will cause unwanted clots known as thrombus c. preformed antibodies in the recipients blood will agglutinate the donated cells d. white blood cells from the donors blood attack the recipients cells

Estrogen does which of the following: A. maturation of reproductive organs B. appearance of secondary sexual characteristics C. All of the above D. None of the above

Progesterone does which of the following: A. Breast development B. Cyclic changes in uterine mucosa C. None of the above D. All of the above

____: initiates the maturation of male reproductive organs, appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics, necessary for normal sperm production

Testosterone

____: appetite control and energy expenditure (Hint: from the Adipose tissue) A. Leptin B. ADH C. ACTH D. Calcitonin

What are the three functions of the blood?

Transport, regulation, protection

The ___ function of blood includes the following: 1. Delivering oxygen from the lungs & nutrients to body cells 2. Transporting metabolic waste products from cells to elimination cells 3. Transporting hormones from the endocrine organs to their target organs

Transport

The ___ function of blood includes the following: 1. Maintaining appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat 2. Maintaining normal pH in body tissues 3. Maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

Regulation

The ___ function of blood includes the following: 1. Preventing blood loss 2. Preventing infection

Protection

The normal pH for blood is: A. 8.23-8.25 B. 7.35-7.45 C. 7.00-7.25

What are the physical characteristics of human blood? Plasma and ____

Formed elements

Plasma is mostly ____ (about 90%) and contains over 100 different dissolved solutes: including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, etc.

Water

True/False: Solutes included in the plasma includes electrolytes, plasma proteins, hormones, etc.

True

Which of the following plasma proteins is the main contributor to osmotic pressure and produced in the liver? A. Fibrinogen B. Globulins C. Albumin D. None of the above

Which of the following plasma proteins form fibrin threads of blood clots (produced in the liver)? A. Gamma globulins B. Alpha globulins C. Fibrinogen D. Albumin

Which type of hormones are carried by the plasma proteins? A. Steroids only B. Steroids and ACTH C. Steroids and Thyroid hormones D. None of the above

___ globulins are antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response. A. Alpha B. Gamma C. Beta D. All of the above

Which of the following formed elements within the blood are cell fragments? A. Platelets B. Leukocytes C. Erythrocytes

Which of the following formed elements within the blood contain no nuclei/organelles? A. Platelets B. Leukocytes C. Erythrocytes

Which of the following formed elements within the blood are the only true complete cells? A. Platelets B. Leukocytes C. Erythrocytes

___ has the major job of transporting respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).

Erythrocytes

___: protein that makes red blood cells red

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (what makes rbc's red) contains four polypeptides: __ alphas and ___ betas.

2, 2

Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation, occurs in the red ___ __.

Red bone marrow

Erthryopoiesis is ____ production and contains different stages, including the production of a reticulocyte (baby rbc) that proceeds to mature into an ____.

Erythrocyte

The first stage of erythropoiesis is : A. Proerythroblast B. Hematopoietic Stem Cell C. Basophilic Erythroblast D. Polychromatic Erythroblast

The second stage of erythropoiesis is : A. Proerythroblast B. Hematopoietic Stem Cell C. Basophilic Erythroblast D. Polychromatic Erythroblast

The THIRD stage of erythropoiesis is : A. Basophilic Erythroblast B. Hematopoietic Stem Cell C. Proerythroblast D. Polychromatic Erythroblast

The FOURTH stage of erythropoiesis is : A. Basophilic Erythroblast B. Hematopoietic Stem Cell C. Proerythroblast D. Polychromatic Erythroblast

The FIFTH stage of erythropoiesis is : A. Basophilic Erythroblast B. Hematopoietic Stem Cell C. Proerythroblast D. Orthochromatic Erthryoblasts

Regulation of erthryopoiesis includes how new cells are produced at rapid speed (__ million per second).

Having too few RBCs can lead to tissue hypoxia (____ deprivation). A. Calcium B. Oxygen C. Albumin D. None of the above

___ : the hormone that stimulates the formation of erythrocytes, a glycoprotein

Erthryopoiesis

Drops in normal blood levels that can trigger ___ formation can result from: insufficient hemoglobin per RBC (iron deficiency) reduced availability of oxygen, might occur at high altitudes or during pneumonia reduced #s of RBC due to hemorrhage or excessive RBC destruction

EPO (erythropoietin)

Nutrients, Two B-Complex Vitamins, and __ are essential for erythropoiesis.

Iron

Most erythrocyte disorders can be classified as anemia or ___.

Polycythemia

Most erythrocyte disorders can be classified as anemia or ___.

Polycythemia

___: condition where the bloods oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism

Anemia

True/False: People with anemia are fatigued, often pale, short of breath, and hot.

False, people with anemia are often chilled, not hot. (the rest are true)

Some causes of different types of anemia include blood loss, not enough red blood cells produced, or having too many of them ____.

Destroyed

Which type of anemia is focused around the loss of blood?

Hemorrhagic anemia

In ACUTE hemorrhagic anemia (situations like severe stab wounds) treatment includes what?

Replacing the blood that was lost

Slight but persistent blood loss is called ___ hemorrhagic anemia.

Chronic

True/False: Chronic hemorrhagic anemia can be caused by hemorrhoids or an undiagnosed bleeding ulcer.

True

True/False: Not having enough RBCs produced can be caused by the lack of essential raw materials (such as iron) to complete failure of the red bone marrow.

True

___ ___ anemia: generally a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia, but also results from inadequate intake of ****.

Iron-deficiency

Erythrocytes produced in iron-deficiency anemia conditions are called ____, which as small and pale because they can not synthesize their normal complement of hemoglobin.

Microcytes

____ anemia: autoimmune disease (often affects the elderly). The immune system destroys cells of their own in the stomach mucosa, these cells usually produce a substance called the intrinsic factor ---> macrocytes end up forming.

Pernicious

The treatment for pernicious anemia includes regular intramuscular injections of vitamin ___ or gel in the nasal lining weekly.

B12

___ anemia: caused by the lack of EPO, frequently accompanies renal disease (due to damaged/diseased kidneys = can not produce enough EPO). The treatment just consists of administering EPO.

Renal

Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that they do NOT ___. a. have a blood supply b. have ducts c. secrete chemical messengers d. have cells

In which region of the adrenal gland is aldosterone produced? a. zona reticularis b. adrenal cortex c. zona fasiculata d. adrenal medulla

Where is oxytocin produced? a. anterior pituitary gland b. posterior pituitary gland c. hypothalamus d. ovary

Most of the amino acid–based hormones affect the target organs using ___. a. intracellular second messengers b. intracellular receptors c. direct activation of genes d. relay proteins

Hormones that directly activate genes are classified as ___. a. amino-acid based b. water-soluble c. lipid-soluble d. G proteins

Platelets are fragments of which cells? a. leukocytes b. thrombocytes c. megakaryocytes d. reticulocytes

These cells contain histamine and are the least numerous of the circulating white blood cells. a. neutrophils b. eosinophils c. mast cells d. basophils

The most abundant plasma protein is ___. a. albumin b. heparin c. fibrinogen d. globulin

Which of the following is present in a mature red blood cell? a. nucleus b. plasma membrane c. ribosome d. mitochondrion

Which of the following blood components is a complete cell? a. erythrocyte b. leukocyte c. thrombocyte d. All are complete cells.

The epiphyseal plate is the target organ of this hormone. a. GH b. ACTH c. glucagon d. PTH

What are the effects of insulin? a. Increased glucose uptake by the body's cells. b. Increased glycogenesis by the liver. c. Increased glycolysis by the body's cells. d. All of the other choices are correct.

This hormone is important in sodium regulation and therefore water balance. a. aldosterone b. ADH c. cortisol d. ACTH

Which hormone directly causes the reproductive organs to release estrogen or testosterone? a. GnRH b. FSH c. LH d. CIH

The target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone is the ___. a. anterior pituitary gland b. posterior pituitary gland c. hypothalamus d. thyroid

Which area of the brain regulates the endocrine system? a. cerebral cortex b. hypothalamus c. neurohypophysis d. thalamus

The protein backbone of a blood clot is ___. a. thrombin b. plasmin c. heparin d. fibrin

The anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called ___. a. releasing hormones b. target hormones c. tropic hormones d. stimulating hormones

The target organ of the hormone erythropoietin is the ___. a. kidney b. liver c. thymus d. red bone marrow

Jaya has Type AB+ blood. What antigen(s) does she have on her RBCs, if any? a. A b. B c. Rh d. A, B, and Rh e. No antigens

The universal recipient is ___. a. Type O b. Type AB c. Type A d. Type B

If Tam has O positive blood, he will have which of the following antibodies in his blood? a. anti-Rh b. anti-A c. anti-B d. Anti-AB e. anti-A and anti-B

If Sasha has A positive blood, she may receive blood from all of the following EXCEPT ___. a. O positive b. O negative c. A positive d. A negative e. AB positive

Kevin has AB negative blood. Which blood types can receive Kevin’s blood? a. O negative b. B negative c. AB positive d. B negative and AB negative

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because _. a. preformed antibodies in the donor’s plasma will attack and kill the recipient’s healthy blood cells b. clotting factors in the donor’s blood will cause unwanted clots known as a thrombus c. preformed antibodies in the recipient’s blood will agglutinate the donated cells d. white blood cells from the donor’s blood attack the recipient’s cells

Of the three ways in which endocrine glands can be stimulated to secrete their hormones (neural, humoral, hormonal), in which way or ways can the adrenal cortex be stimulated to secrete aldosterone? A. humoral B. neural C. hormonal

A, C

True/False: The benefit of using a second messenger signaling system is rapid speed of communication.

False

The release of CIH from the hypothalamus would ____. Choose all that apply. a. decrease the levels of aldosterone b. increase the levels of ACTH c. increase the levels of cortisol d. indirectly affect the adrenal gland e. directly affect the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland f. directly affect the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland g. decrease the levels of TSH h. decrease the levels of cortisol

A, D, E, H

Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts? a. Constantly high blood sugar leads to glucagon release. Glucagon is an antagonist to insulin, leading to a decrease in insulin. This is an example of down regulation. b. Constantly high blood sugar leads to the release of glucagon. Glucagon causes gluconeogenesis, which makes blood sugar higher. This is an example of up regulation. c. Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High levels of insulin cause up-regulation of insulin receptors. d. Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.

What is unique about the regulatory mechanism of prolactin and oxytocin, compared to all the other hormones? a. Prolactin and oxytocin are only released by females, unlike other hormones that are secreted by both sexes. b. Oxytocin is the "love hormone" that is secreted when someone falls in love or looks at their newborn baby. c. The release of oxytocin and prolactin uses positive feedback. d. Oxytocin and prolactin work together for the mammary glands to be able to produce and excrete milk. e. Prolactin causes the mammary glands to make milk.

The relationship between thyroxine and triidothyronine can be best characterized as _____.

Synergism

True/False: Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are non-tropic hormones because their targets are reproductive organs.

False

Hirsutism is caused by the oversecretion of __ hormones from the ___.

androgens, adrenal gland

The hormone that would be released from the pancreas when blood sugar is low is ___.

Glucagon

Which hormone(s) is associated with the sympathetic nervous system? a. cortisol b. aldosterone c. oxytocin d. epinephrine e. TSH f. adrenaline

D, F

Your patient, Madison, has type B- blood. This means that Madison has ___ antigens attached to her erythrocytes and ___ antibodies floating in her plasma.

B, anti-A

Which of these would be found in the blood of someone with O- blood? a. anti-B antibodies b. anti-Rh antibodies c. B antigens d. anti-A antibodies e. O antigens f. A antigens g. anti-O antibodies

A, D

True/False: Someone with a high hematocrit count has less oxygen carrying capacity than a person with a normal hematocrit.

False

Mrs. Ryan, a middle-aged woman, appears at the clinic complaining of multiple small hemorrhagic spots in her skin and severe nosebleeds. While taking her history, the nurse notes that Mrs. Ryan works as a rubber glue applicator at a local factory. Rubber glue contains benzene, which is known to be toxic to red bone marrow. Which bleeding disorder is likely to result from the toxic effects of benzene? a. erythroblastosis fetalis b. high PCV c. thrombocytopenia d. hematoma, ie blood clot e. hemophilia

Tyler has type A+ blood. To which types of blood can he donate? Choose all that apply. a. O- b. A+ c. B- d. O+ e. B+ f. AB- g. A- h. AB+

B, H

Jenny, a healthy young woman, had a battery of tests during a physical for a new job. Her RBC count was at the higher end of the normal range at that time, but four weeks later it was substantially elevated beyond that. When asked if any circumstances had changed in her life, she admitted to taking up smoking. How might her new habit explain her higher RBC count? a. The nicotine contained in the cigarette smoke is causing polycythemia vera, which can result in a hematocrit as high as 80%. b. Cigarette smoke contains toxins that promote the proliferation and differentiation of proerythroblasts in red bone marrow. c. Several compounds found in cigarette smoke have been found to stimulate secretion of EPO, which is the main regulator of erythropoiesis. d. The frequent hypoxia resulting from inhalation of oxygen-poor smoke is causing secondary polycythemia.

The doctor has ordered a complete blood count, or CBC, for your patient. Which of the following sets of measurements from the CBC could you use to evaluate your patient's ability to oxygenate his tissues? a. neutrophil, basophil, and platelet counts b. hematocrit, hemoglobin, and RBC count c. WBC count, hematocrit, platelet count d. WBC, neutrophil, and basophil counts

With a patient administered an injection of MCSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor) proteins, you would expect to see ____. Hint: do all WBCs become macrophages? a. decreased monocyte count b. increased lymphocyte count c. increased neutrophil count d. increased basophil count e. decreased neutrophil count f. decreased white blood cell count g. increased monocyte count

Your patient has an acute infection. Which component of the plasma is most likely to have risen in response? a. albumin b. platelets c. neutrophils d. monocytes e. fibrinogen f. gamma globulins

Exam #1: Endocrine System & Blood Flashcards

(158 cards)