Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Flashcards by Joseph Heston

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Energy that is transmitted through space or matter

Radiation

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Radiation is often called ____________ which is emitted in particles or waves with no mass

Radiant energy

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

This type of energy is used to produce the EM energy for X-ray

Electrical energy

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

EM energy is converted into ________ making the radiograph

Chemical energy

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

_______________ is primary with the production of X-ray

Electromagnetic energy (EM)

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F There is 1000 eV in 1 keV

TRUE

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

How many keV do X-rays operate up to for clinical use?

150 keV

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What is EMR energy measured as?

eV (or keV)

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Unit used to measure frequency of EMR

Hertz (Hz)

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Frequency is the rise and fall of a _________

Sine wave

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What is used to determine the cycle of a frequency?

Measured from one peak to the next (or like points on the Sine wave)

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F X-ray has a low frequency (Hz)

FALSE

X-ray has a high frequency

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

EMR is measured by wave length in _______

Meters (m)

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Wavelength is the distance:

Between 1 peak of the wave to the next peak

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F X-ray has a long wavelength

FALSE.

X-ray has a very short wavelength

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

How fats does EMR travel?

Speed of Light (186,000 miles per second)

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

EMR has no mass and travels in bundles called:

Photons (quanta)

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F EMR waves travel in a waveform that can vary in length and frequency, but generally all types lose intensity with increase in distance

TRUE

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Subtype of EMR that has enough energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule

Ionizing radiation

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Ionizing radiation has a ______ wavelength and a _____ frequency

Very short wavelength

High frequency

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F Short wavelength and high frequency waves means high energy

TRUE

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Examples of ionizing EMR

X-rays

Gamma rays

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Subtype of EMR that does not have enough energy to remove electrons from anything

Nonionizing radiation

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Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Nonionizing radiation has a ____ wavelength and ____ frequency which means it has ______ energy

Long wavelength
Low frequency
Low energy

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# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Examples of nonionizing EMR

Visible light, Infrared light, UV light, Radio, TV, microwaves and heat

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) T/F Particle radiation is a subtype of EMR

FALSE | Particle radiation has ionizing abilities but is not a type of EMR

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Particle radiation comes from a breakdown or decay of a radioactive _______

Atoms nucleus

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) T/F Particle radiation is less penetrating than X-rays

TRUE

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Which of the following is not a type of Particle radiation? 1) Alpha particles 2) Beta particles 3) Theta particles

3) Theta particles

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Why are alpha and beta particles more harmful to humans then X-rays if they can not penetrate as deep as X-rays?

Inhalations of certain substances (like radon gas) will produce particle radiation (for radon, it would be alpha particles). Same premise can be used in nuclear medicine also

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Term used that means the measuring of radiation

Dosimetry

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Tool used to perform dosimetry

Dosimeter

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) SI unit used to measure ionization in air

Roentgen (R) or Coulombs/kg (C/kg)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) SI unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed in tissue

Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD) or Gray (Gy)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) T/F 1000 RAD = 1 Gy

FALSE | 100 RADS = 1 Gy

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) SI unit used mostly for biological effects of radiation to specific organs and tissues

Millirad (MRAD) (1/1000 of a RAD)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) SI unit used for radiation detection in reporting exposure

Radiation Equivalent Man (REM) or Sievert (Sv)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) 100 MREM = __ mSv and 100 REM = __ Sv

1 mSv | 1 Sv

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Type of dosimeter for workers worn on clothing that measures biological effects from delayed exposure

Film badges

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) 1 RAD = __ REM

1 REM

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) 1 C/kg = __ Gy = __ Sv

1 Gy1 Sv

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) All together, the average person gets about ____ mrads each year

360

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Makes up 82% of our yearly radiation exposure

Natural Radiation (Background Radiation)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Type and examples of Natural radiation

1) Cosmic = sun and stars 2) Terrestrial = soil, rocks, and mountains, bricks, wallboard, and cement 3) Internal = found in living tissue and ingested in water and food

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) What makes up 55% (198 mrem) of our total exposure each year?

Radon gas (part of Terrestrial natural radiation)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) What forms radon gas?

The decay of uranium

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Makes up 18% of our yearly radiation exposure

Man made radiation

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Types of man made radiation

1) Diagnostic x-ray procedures 2) Nuclear medicine 3) Consumer products 4) Nuclear testing and nuclear reactors

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) What makes up the largest source of man made exposure radiation?

Diagnostic X-ray procedures

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Cosmic radiation _____ the higher the altitude and the farther the latitude from the equator

Increases

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Natural radioactive substances found in living tissue

Nuclides

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Diagnostic x-rays are _______ what would cause acute effects.

Far below

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) What long term effects from low levels of radiation are controversial?

Leukemia from fetal dose and malignancies years after exposure associated with mutations from the gonad dose

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Theory that any amount of X-ray is harmful

Linear theory

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Exposure to the entire body. More detrimental than exposure to a specific part

Whole body dose

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) The amount of exposure to the skin

Skin entrance dose

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) As a general rule with the skin entrance dose, the deeper the part below the skin, the:

Less exposure due to absorption

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) The exposure of a specific organ

Organ dose

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) The amount of exposure causing tissue damage of the exposed individual (early or late)

Somatic dose

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) T/F Somatic dose does happen in diagnostic levels of radiation

FALSE. | Diagnostic levels of radiation are too low

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Earliest symptoms of radiation exposure

Erythema (first- red skin)Hair loss

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Exposure potentially causing damage to future generations of the exposed individual

Genetic dose

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) A genetic dose exposure, although not fully agreed on by researchers, is attributed mostly to:

Low levels of radiation exposure to the gonads including diagnostic X-ray levels.

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Greatest effects on genetic dose on the gonads

LeukemiaMutations

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) T/F A fetal dose of 10 rad will cause effects on the newborn. This dose is quite common from diagnostic filming

FALSE. Fetal exposure of up to 10 rad is not expected to cause any effects on the newborn.10 rad is a very unusual dose from diagnostic filming

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Long term effects such as cancer and cataracts are associated with this

Stochastic somatic effects.

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Effects of this increase with an increase in dose.

Deterministic somatic (non-stochastic effects)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Short term effects of deterministic somatic (non-stochastic) effects

Erythema, infertility, blood forming damage, and cataracts

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) T/F Deterministic somatic (non-stochastic effects) do not have a threshold at which effects are predictable

FALSE. | They do

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Term that says low levels of continuous exposure will have reduced effects. Used in radiotherapy and with radioactive implants.

Protraction

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Term that says noncontinuous high exposure to high doses will reduce effects. Used in radiotherapy

Fractionation

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Term for the apparent beneficial effects of radiation. It used to be theorized that all radiation was harmful, but some doubt exists

Radiation hormesis

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) So it seems that ___________ doses of radiation may reduce infections and fatal malignancies and prolong life. This is though by many to boost the __________

Small-moderateImmune system

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Condition arising from radiations various effects from large acute exposures

Acute Radiation Syndrome/Sickness (ARS)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) What syndrome will be present from a 200-1000 rad acute whole body exposure in someone with ARS?

Hematological syndrome

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) What syndrome will be present in someone with 1000-5000 rad acute whole body exposure in someone with ARS?

Gastrointestinal syndrome

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) What syndrome will be present in someone with 5000 rads and over acute whole body exposure in someone with ARS?

Central Nervous System Syndrome

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Stages of ARS

1) Prodromal stage (initial symptoms) 2) Latent stage (improvement of symptoms) 3) Manifest stage (return of the symptoms worse than before) 4) Healing or death (either you recover or die)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) What is LD 50/60?

An acute whole body exposure that would kill 50% of the people in 60 days (used for humans due to slower recovery than lab animals)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) LD

Lethal dose (as in LD 50/60)

# Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) A human has a LD 50/60 of ____ rads without medical intervention (the LD 50/30 dose is ______ rads)

LD 50/60 = 350 rads LD 50/30 = 300 rads

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Flashcards

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