Exam 1 Feeds and Feeding Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
how many animo acids are significant to animal nutrition?
A
More than 20
2
Q
How to tell if a molecule is an AA?
A
There will be an amine group on the molecule (with two hydrogens and a nitrogen.) Chemical identities of AA are determined by the atoms in the Side R chain
3
Q
What is the byproduct of cotton processing?
A
Cottonseed meal.
4
Q
Define gossypol: what is it toxic to and what is it found in
A
Found in cottonseed meal. Helps the cotton grow. Toxic to all, but especially non ruminants.
5
Q
Cottonseed meal is high in what and low in what?
A
High in protein low in amino acid for non-ruminants
6
Q
Canola meal is processed for?
A
Oil in a similar manner to soybeans.
7
Q
Early types of canola meal contained what?
A
high levels of glucosinolates which cause thyroid problems. Toxic in high amts.
8
Q
What is the byproduct of the wet milling of corn?
A
corn gluten meal
9
Q
why wet mill corn?
A
for starch or syrup production.
10
Q
What part of the corn kernel makes up corn gluten meal?
A
The yellow “shell” on either side of the kernel.
11
Q
How much crude protein does corn gluten meal contain?
A
60 precent.
12
Q
What diet is corn gluten meal primarily used in?
A
poultry diets as a pigmenting agent for bright egg yolk or companion animals. High in CP.
13
Q
How much CP does corn gluten feed have?
A
25 CP.
14
Q
Cottonseed meal is popular for what species?
A
Cattle, has lots of fiber. Non good for monogastrics.
15
Q
Canola meal is an anti ____ source? Problems with Canola meal?
A
nutrient. It is not readily available.
16
Q
What is the problem with Corn gluten FEED for ruminants?
A
The sulfur content. Can cause neurological issues in ruminants.
17
Q
Corn Gluten feed is the byproduct of what?
A
the wet milling of corn for starch of syrup production.
18
Q
Corn Gluten feed is high in ___? Low in __? With ___ Cp?
A
High in Fiber , low in starch, 18-22 precent CP.
19
Q
Corn gluten feed has much lower __ compared to what?
A
Protein compared to corn gluten MEAL.
20
Q
Distillers grain is the byproduct of what?
A
the dry milling of corn for ethanol production.
21
Q
Distillers grain is high in ___? Low in ___? With ___ CP?
A
High in fiber, low in starch, with 25 to 30 precent CP.
22
Q
What in distillers grain can cause issues?
A
High sulfur content.
23
Q
distillers grain is commonly fed to what?
A
ruminants.
24
Q
Sunflower seed meal comes from where?
A
SS MEAL is a byproduct of sunflower oil production.
25
SS meal is high in __, low in ___ and __.
high in fiber, low in lysine and protein compared to other feeds.
26
SS meal is fed to what?
Ruminents. Limited use in monogastrics.
27
What makes specialty protein sources different?
they are highly digestible. Have a very high protein quality.
28
Specialty protein sources are?
excellent amino acid sources that are only used in certain diets (young animals) because of cost.
29
Specialty protein sources include?
1. fish meal 2. whey 3. mean and bone meal 4. blood meal 5. animal plasma 6. synthetic amino acids.
30
SPS (specialty protein sources) are important components of ___ replacers for ____ _____ and _____ diets from weaning to 25 lbs. SPS are fed to _____ animals EXCEPT _____ which is fed to ____ _____ ONLY.
MILK, dairy calves, swine diets. YOUNG. UREA. MATURE RUMIENTS.
31
fish meal is high in what two things? what precent CP?
lysine, protein. 70 precent CP.
32
Fish meal does what to pigs?
stimulates feed intake.
33
what is the problem with fish meal?
All fish meals are not equal as fish meal is made with fish from the region.
34
meat and bone meal is a byproduct of what?
the meat packing industry.
35
meat and bone meal is comprised of what? how much CP?
non edible tissues and bone. 50 precent CP.
36
What is variable in meat and bone meal and why?
Mineral composition. It is based on how much bone is in the bone meal.
37
what are the regulations on meat and bone meal?
ONLY NON- RUMINANT meat and bone meal may be fed to RUMINANT because RUMINANT TO RUMINANT can spread mad cow disease.
- separate feed handing systems for ruminant and non ruminant meat and bone meal is required
38
meat and bone meal is commonly fed to?
young animals.
39
synthetic lysine is widely used in ___ and ___ diets and a substitute for _____ meal.
Swine and poultry diets as a substitute for soybean meal.
40
how is synthetic lysine produced?
bacterial fermentation.
41
Synthetic lysine (L- lysine hydrochloride) is how much precent L-lysine?
78 precent. EXPENSIVE.
42
What is the second limiting AA?
Methionine.
43
what is ISOLEUCINE fed to?
nursery pigs or chicks.
44
Spray dry chamber is used for?
to conserve High quality protein in minerals. Delicate process to conserve protein quality and higher lysine content. expensive.
45
Drum dryers:
cheaper, not delicate, destroy protein quality, longer heat period.
46
Dried Whey is the byproduct of?
cheese manufacturing.
47
what can denature whey?
excessive heat. feed darkens as heated.
48
Dried Vs spray dried?
Dried is not as expensive as spray dried.
49
Dried whey goes into what?
Dairy milk replacers for young pigs.
50
whats the problem with blood meal?
Disease transmission.
51
blood meal is byproduct of? how much protein?
meat packing industry. 90 precent protein.
52
How blood meal is dried depends on what?
what the blood meal is fed to.
53
Blood meal for ruminants: how is it dried. Protein quality, high ____ value
Flash dried. Use rarely in us. variable protein quality, high relative bypass (how much protein gets through rumen without being changed) value.
54
blood meal for monogastrics: how is it dried, etc..
It is spray dried. variably protein quality.
55
animal plasma is a byproduct of
meat packing
56
how is animal plasma made? how much protein?
plasma is separated from red blood cells and spray dried. 70 precent protein.
57
plasma is used in what diets?
nursery diets and calf milk replacers.
58
plasma ______ feed intake. is it expensive? Plasma has what kind of smell?
stimulates. very $$$$. sweet smell.
59
Urea is _____ to non ruminants?
TOXIC
60
urea is a source of ___ ______ for?
non protein nitrogen source for protein synthesis by ruminal microbes.
61
cannot feed urea ____?
ALONE.
62
What can rumen microbes do with urea?
make protein.
63
Tannins?
decrease digestibility of feed stuff. used to ward off birds.
64
trypsin inhibitors? present in what?
decrease small intestine trypsin activity. present in raw soybean.
65
Fiber does what to AA?
decreases protein and AA digestibility. Present in forages and byproduct feeds.
66
heating?
decreases protein and AA digestibility.
67
pigs and poultry have requirements for individual?
essential amino acids and crude protein.
68
what are essential amino acids?
AA not present in the diet in adequate amounts. cannot use other AA to meet essential AA requirements.
69
do rumens have requirements for essential AA? Why dont we focus on that?
Yes. We dont focus on that because they rearrange in the rumen and mincrobale bacteria provide the essential AA.
70
What is their first limiting AA: explain> what is it important for?
Lysine. If diets are formulated to meet lysine requirements, requirements for other AA will be exceeded. important for muscle and milk synthesis.
71
Methionine and cysteine contain what? what are they important for? what animal needs these most?
suffer containing amino acids. important for growth and maintenance for all animals. Poultry because they need cysteine for feather growth.
72
Tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine are ____ to meet. What are they important for? most diets will ____ animal requirements.
EASY. protein synthesis. exceed.
73
valine is for what?
milk protein production by lactating sows.
74
what happens if you dont have the essential amino acids?
certain things will not be able to function.
75
leucine:
sufficient in corn-soy diets fed to pigs.
76
phenylalanine and tyrosine:
sufficient in corn soy diets fed to pigs.
77
Taurine?
an essential amino acid for cats. not essential for other species. comes from animal protein.
78
arginine?
essentail for broiler chicks. muscle building.
79
Typically ____ AA to meet ____ requirements.
Overfeeding, lysine.
80
Lysine and AA requirements are usually based on the amount required to?
maximize growth or ADG.
81
greater amounts of AA may be needed to maximize ____ _____ or carcass characteristics.
Feed efficiency.
82
RDP?
Rumen degradable protein.
83
rup?
Rumen undegradable protein.
84
For ruminants protein quality is of _____ importance as long as it is ruminally digestible.
minimal.
85
dietary proteins and non protein nitrogen re digested by:
luminal microbes.
86
some proteins that are resistant to microbial digestion _____ the rumen and are digested in?
bypass and are digested in the small intestine.
87
what is referred to as escape/bypass protein?
ruminallly undegradable protein
88
amino acid requirement for milk protein synthesis is greater than hat is provided my microbial cell protein in what?
dairy cattle.
89
_____ ______ amino acids such as ____ are fed to meet increased requirements when economic conditions permit
rumen underadable, methionine.
90
How do ruminants use non protein nitrogen to synthesize amino acids?
combine with Volatile fatty acids.
91
describe the relationship between AA, peptides, and protein
amino acids bind together to make peptides, a string of amino acids. Peptides bond together to make protein.
92
what is the ca:p ratio in ruminents?
2 to 1
93
what is the ca :p ration in monogastrics
1.2:1
94
what will happen if you dont have the correct CA to P ratio.
Bones will not build correctly.
95
what does organic mean?
contains carbon.
96
what is the cheapest source of Ca
LIMESTONE.
97
minerals are ___ (inorganic/organic) elements essential for normal metabolic function such as?
inorganic elements essential for normal metabolic function.
1. energy metabolism 2. protein metabolism 3. osmotic and pH balance.
98
all mineral elements must be consumed in the diet. None can be..?
none can be synthesized by the body.
99
macro minerals?
requirements expressed as precent of the diet.
100
macro minerals:
calcium (ca), Phosphorous (P), Sodium (na), chlorine (cl), potassium (K), Magnesium (mg), sulfur (s)
101
micro minerals?
requirements are expressed as parts per million. small amt.
102
what is the problem with CA deficciecy?
animal cannot move with out calcium.
103
__ precent of ca is in the skeleton and teeth. __ precent of the ca is in the soft tissues.
99,1
104
functions of CA:
1. formation of bone matrix
2. muscle contraction and relaxation
3. blood clotting
105
distribution of P:
80 precent of P is in the soft skeleton. 20 precent of P is in the soft tissues
106
functions of Phosphorus?
- formation of bone matrix (hydroxyapatite)
-component of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) needed for cellular energy yielding reactions.
-componet of nucleic acid and enzymes
-
107
when are levels of ca and p important?
for periods of rapid growth and bone growth in early life.
gestation and lactation. the amount of needed ca and p increases with milk production.
A ca and p deficiency results in weak or non ambulatory females.
108
ca and p levels depend on?
market amain vs breeding animals breeding animals are fed higher ca levels than required,
109
what ratio of ca to p is needed for monogastrics
1.2:1. above ratio can cause issues with uptake of other minerals.
110
what ratio of ca to p is needed for ruminants
generally a 2:1 ratio. extreme ratios can cause urinary calculi or kidney stones in steers.
111
forages are realitivky high in:
and low in:
Ca. forage- fed ruminants require little or no supplemental Ca.
low in P.
112
Grains are low in:
High in:
Grains are low in Ca. Limestone is usually added to grain based diets. chickens and pigs usually need limestone.
grains are high in P.
113
what fraction of grains is available to monogastrics?
1/3. the other 2/3 is a waste product.
The other 2/3 is in the form of phytate phosphorous. adding more phytase enzyme to mono gastric diet allows more Pho. to get to the animal .
114
monogastrics do not have the nessecary _____ to break down _____
enzyme, phytate- p
115
requirements for _ are expressed as ____ and not total __
P, available P, and not Toal P.
116
synthetic form of ___ can be added to _______ diets
phytase. monogastric.
117
ruminal microbes produce the enzyme called ____. ____ breaks down phytate- p and releases __ for ____
phytase. phytase. P. Adsorption.
118
average daily gain is not affected by feeding more
Pho. if you are already meeting the requirement.
119
P. is typically ____ in _____ and ____ _____ edits
overfed. beef and dairy cattle.
Grains and byproducts are high in P.
120
how much excess P excretion is in manure per animal per year
5 to 10 lbs
121
reduction in dietary levels could benefit the environment by
reducing difficulties with waste management and algae.
122
what do electrolytes do?
help maintain osmotic pressure and acid- base balance AKA fluid movement around the body.
123
deficiencies of K and Cl are ___. However Na deficiencys are ____. what are the problems from NA deficiency.
Rare. common. depressed feed intake, depressed growth, and depraved appetite.
124
what needs to be continually available to grazing livestock.
free choice salt.
125
how many enzymes are activated by Mg. many are needed for? is Mg limiting?
300 enzymes, energy metabolism. generally not limiting. Protein grains and cereal grains are good sources of Mg.
126
cattle grazing on cultivated spring grasses can develop? what are the symptoms?
Tetany. death, Muscle rigor/paralysis caused by insufficient Mg, Na, and ELEVATED K.
127
why is mg consumption low?
Mg oxide is bitter. voluntary consumption is low. have to feed Mg in small amts everyday.
128
The body contains how much sulfur? most of the sulfur is bound? what AA contain sulfur.
15 percent. organically. Cystine and Mythamine.
129
sulfer nutrition is primarily a function of what?
amino acid nutrition.
130
why is sulfur important? what are the problems with feeding by product feeds?
rumen microbes cannot build cystine and mythymine without sulfur. sulfer supplementation is needed when feeding urea. sulfur toxicity.
131
trace minerals?
hard to mix correctly. added in parts per million/billion. do not need a lot of trace minerals.
132
what is the difference between mono gastric and ruminant trace mineral premixes?
Ruminant trace mineral premixes have Cobalt.
133
which two trace minerals can have growth promotion properties when fed a higher concentrations to pigs?
zinc, copper. Reduces amount of feed needed for same ADG.
134
primary mineral deficiency?
related to low intake of a particular mineral.
135
secondary mineral deficiency?
abnormal absorption, distribution, or retention of a particular mineral. minerals inhibiting one another if too much of one is fed: prevents adsorbtion. MINERAL ANTAGONISM.
136
mineral antagonism is what? primary affects?
the most common cause of secondary mineral deficiency. ruminants.
137
feeding costs can be reduced by ____ the amount of soybean meal in the diet?
decreasing, authentic lysine and SBM can be used compared to just SBM.
138
what is genetic potential?
the best an animal can do in a perfect environment. we cannot do anything to manage an animal to make it prefrom above its genetic potential.
139
anti quality agents?
components of feed that cause them to have less nutritional value. species dependent.
140
what can inhibit an animal from reaching full genetic potential?
health status, nutrition, environment.
141
nutrition can affect a livestocks ____.
quality and qualitative/quantitative characteristics that influence consumer purchases.
142
feed costs represent ___ of production?
50 to 80.
143
nutrients are?
fundamental chemical constituents of food. they are the building blocks of animal tissue.
144
what are the categories of nutrients:
1. water
2. carbs
3. lipids
4. protein
5. mineralas
6. vitamins
145
what is a nutrient requirement?
values which describe an animals minimum nutrient needs for certain levels of growth, milk/egg production, wool/hair growth, etc.
146
what is CP?
measure of nitrogen in the feed
147
all ingested protein has to be what?
rumen degradable or rumen undegradable
148
what is the name of the rumen degradable protein that is changed by the rumen microbes
microbial cell protein.
149
since RUP is not changed in rumen what two things leave the rumen? what do they make together?
MCP and RUP. metabolizable protein that is available to animal for growth.
150
is the quality of RUP or RDP more important?
the amino acid and protein quality of RUP is more important because it is not getting changed by rumen.
151
do the specific qualitys of RDP amino acids matter
no, microbes break them down. the microbes combine nitrogen, VFA, carb digestion to make MCP.
152
because ruminants use non protein nitrogen why dont they get rid of all urea like monogastrics?
they recycle extra urea and ammonia in the rumen to go back into RDP to be used as a nitrogen source make more MCP. urea and ammonia is toxic to monogastrics so they have to get it all out.
153
why does it take longer to see a protein deficiency in ruminants?
because ruminants can use internal nitrogen and put it back in the rumen to make more microbial cell protein.
154
if a protein source is spray dried it means that protein is
high quality, because the protein has been decitalty dried to preserve quality.
155
when is RuP important?
they do have specific AA acid requirements, but the MCP changes the feed. RUP is important if mcp does not meet a ruminants needs. we would choose a higher RUP feed.
156
intake energy is like crude protein in what way?
it is the potential energy in the feed aka what is in the feed. Does not actually tell was what the animal with have access to.
157
what is fecal energy loss? Give example of mono gastric.
things that are not digested by the animal. monogastric example: fiber
158
what two types of energy losses occur after digestible energy? does urine energy loss differ between monogastrics and ruminants? does gaseous? why?
urine and gaseous. urine energy does not differ. gaseous does differ and cause a much bigger loss in ruminants because of the fermentation process in the rumen.
159
what is the type of energy after fecal loss that things that were able to be digested go?
digestible energy.
160
161
what type of energy is after digestible energy and the loss of urine/gas energy. what does it mean.
metabolizable energy. things that were able to be metabolized.
162
what type of energy loss comes after metabolized energy.
heat increment from digestion . ruminants will have a higher heat increment loss because their digestive system is much larger.
163
what is they type of energy after all losses?
net energy. what is available to the animal to use for maintenance first, then production. comparable to metabolizable protein.
164
what is the gold standard of energy sources in US. why?
CORN. has lots of energy from starch. is highly digestible by all species. processes well.
165
Corn is high in _____ and low in _____ AND _____. Corn is a poor amino acid source as it is low in _____.
high in starch. low in fiber and protein. LYSINE.
166
corn is prone to what when it gets to wet?
mycotoxin mold.
167
what is the bushel weight of corn?
56 LBS/Per BU
168
how does sorghum grain (milo) compare to corn?
fewer mycotoxin issues than corn, requires lass water, feed value compared to corn is species dependent. 56 lbs/ per BU. cons: contains tannins that reduces protein digestion and has to be processed.
169
how does wheat compare to corn?
CONS: we eat it. expensive. PROS: good energy source, highly digestible, readily available.
170
how to oats compare to corn?
PROs: higher fiber. higher protein. used in horses and young animals. light and fluffy, helps get animals on feed.
CONS: lower energy.
171
higher fiber means lower?
energy
172
how does barley compare to corn?
PROS: higher fiber, processes well, can grow up north where corn cannot grow as well.
CONS: lower energy.
173
how does rye compare to corn?
CONS: low patablitly. has ergot that helps plant grow well, but can be toxic to animals.
PROS: cheaper.
174
how does triticale compare to corn ?
PROS: high in AA, higher quality for monogastrics.
CONS: lower yield, lower bushel, low patability. ergot toxicity.
175
millet compared to corn?
pros: can grow with less water.
cons: used in bird seed.
176
ranking of cereal grains based on value and quality:
1. corn
2. milo
3. wheat
4. barley
5. oats
6. triticale
7. rye
177
corn wet milling vs dry milling:
wet milling get it wet before grind it corn dry milling u get it wet after u grind it.
178
what are the two main carbs and how are they bonded?
what are the two types of starch? how are they different?
starch (alpha bonds) and cellulose (beta bonds that need ruminant bacteria to break them apart). amylose and amylopectin. amylose is a straight line of glucose and amylopectin is a branch.
179
what will fat (in the form of triglyceride) we feed a ruminant come out as? why?
saturated fat.microbes change unsaturated fat to saturated. unsaturated fat is toxic to rumen microbes.
180
what is tyrglyceride? what happens to the parts of it?
three fats attached to glycerol backbone. how fat is stored in body and present in feed. rumen microbes tear glycerol backbone and turn into volatile fatty acid to be used as every. the three fats are either unsaturated or saturated. unsaturated fats are converted in rumen microbe.
181
what is biohydrogenation?
added hydrogen to unsaturated fats to make them saturated by getting rid of carbon carbon double bonds.
182
how much more energy do fats have than carbs?
2.25.
183
what species uses the energy from soybean hulls the best?
cows.
184
wheat is higher in what then corn?
lysine and p
185
digestible energy is used in what diet formulation?
pigs, horses
186
metabolizable energy is used in what diet formulation?
pigs, poultry, horses
187
net energy is used in what diet formulation?
beef cattle, lactating dairy cow, growing dairy hefiers.
188
how does fiber impact GE utilization in ruminant and monogastric animals?
monogastrics cannot digest fiber very well. most of it gets lost in fecal. fiber provides more net energy for rumens, they do loose some gas energy in rumen.
189
what are the byproducts of wheat milling?
wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat shorts, wheat germ meal.
190
what are the issues with byproduct feed?
relative concentrations of starch and fiber, protein content and avaliblity from heat processing, storage, mixing, processing particle size, containments. it cost less.
191
what are common sources of animal fat?
tallow- in cattle diets. low in US fat.
choice white grease- moderate in US fat. used in swine diet.
poultry grease- high in US fat.
veggie fats.
192
what are the modified dry milling products?
high protein distillers grain. lower fiber and higher protein than normal distillers grain. corn germ- high in fat and phosphorous. corn bran: high in fiber.
193
corn dry milling products?
MAIN: fuel, alcohol
byproducts: distillers grains, condensed distillers solubles, dried distillers grains with solubles.
194
corn wet milling products?
main: STARCH, HIGH FRUTOSE CORN SYRUP, CORN OIL
byproduct: corn gluten meal, gluten feed, corn germ meal, condensed fermented extracts.
195
byproducts come from what?
grain milling and food processing. important feed source for animals.
196
what's the standard comparison for all other protein sources?
soybean meal.
197
what is the pros and cons with soybean meal?
HIGH CP. balances the nutritional shortcomings of corn. low cost per unit of CP or lysine. widely available. palatable. few processing and toxin issues.
198
adding fat reduces what?
carcass firmness.
199
by product of soybean oil? what type of fat is SB oil.
soybean meal. unsaturated.
200
what do you consider when adding fat to pig diets?
-fat ability
-pig age
-genetic potential
-effects on product
201
how does fat affect growing pigs?
boosts ADG.
202
how much CP does soybean meal have?
44-48.
203
look at protein for what?
ruminants.
204
what process kills trypsin inhibitors?
toasting at the end of soybean mill processing. but dont toast too long.
205
what is the primary source of energy in animal feeds?
grains.
206
nutrient vs nutrient requirement?
nutrient: chemical component.
nutrient requirement: how much to meet requirements for an animal.
207
