Exam 1 flashcards
what are the characteristics common to all living organisms?
organization, cells, metabolism, development, excitability, homeostasis, reproduction, evolution,
what does the study of anatomy and physiology entail?
- anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, with an emphasis on how it relates to function
- physiology is the study of dynamic processes in the living body
what are the structural levels of organization in the human body
organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms
how are the levels interrelated to each other and to function
- organism is composed of organ systems
- organ systems are composed of organs
- organs are composed of tissues
- tissues are composed cells
- cells are composed of organelles
- organelles are composed of molecules
- molecules are composed of atoms
organ system (11 systems)
groups of organs that carry out a basic function such as circulation, respiration, or digestion
organ
structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
tissue
group of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function
cells
smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life
organelles
microscopic structures that carry out a cell’s individual functions
molecules
compose organelles and other cellular components
atoms
composes a molecule (2 atoms)
atoms
composes a molecule (2 atoms)
what is homeostasis
the ability to maintain internal stability
what are the features of a homeostatic feedback loop
positive feedback and negative feedback
intrinsic regulation (autoregulation)
at tissue/organ level (local)
extrinsic
external message (neural/hormonal)
negative feedback
most common, self-stopping flow chart
(im hungry, i eat, I’m not hungry)
features of a homeostatic feedback loop
stimulus (physical or chemical parameter that can vary)
sensor (the structure that detects condition: cell type, tissue, organ)
control center: the structure that processes information and sends message
message: the method of intercellular communication (neural or chemical/hormonal)
effector: (structure that is either stimulated by the neuron or has a receptor for the hormone/chemical-ligand)
response: activity or change in activity of the effector
extrinsic regulation
responses controlled by nervous or endocrine systems
intrinsic regulation
inherent property of an organ in order to maintain homeostasis within the organ
negative feedback
mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point, and in turn, maintains body parameters within their normal range
positive feedback
intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it
stimulus
anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change
sensor
detects changes in the internal or external environment
