Exam 1 (FML) Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Why study vertebrates?
A
- large and visible, “obvious” to observers
- important human resource
- We are essentially studying ourselves (closest to us)
2
Q
What are the major classes of vertebrates?
A
FISH -- Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes Amphibians -- Amphibia Reptiles -- Reptilia Birds -- Aves Mammals -- Mammalia
3
Q
What is the difference between anamniotic eggs and amniotes?
A
Anamniotic eggs are fish and amphibians
Amniotes are reptiles, birds, and mammals
4
Q
What are agnathas?
A
Jawless fish. Don’t have paired appendages
5
Q
What are gnathostomes
A
ALL other fishes. Do have paired appendages and jaws
6
Q
What does gnath mean?
A
jaw
7
Q
What does stom mean?
A
mouth
8
Q
What are Chondrichthyes?
A
Fishes with cartilaginous skeletons
9
Q
What does -ich mean?
A
fish
10
Q
What are osteichthyes?
A
Fishes with bony skeletons (at least one bone)
- actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, etc.
11
Q
What are amphibia?
A
terrestrial vertebrates (caudata=salamanders, gymnophiona=caecilians)
12
Q
What are amniotes?
A
REPTILES
BIRDS
MAMMALS
- amniotic or cleidoic = closed egg
13
Q
What are amniotes? (through tree)
A
Sauropsids
Reptiles and birds
14
Q
What is a testudines?
A
turtle (reptilia class)
15
Q
What are monotremes?
A
egg-laying mammals (have hair, synapsid skull)
16
Q
What are metatheria?
A
Marsupials
17
Q
What are eutheria?
A
Placentals (live-bearing animals)
18
Q
What is evolution?
A
Genetic change in a species over time
19
Q
What is natural selection?
A
Microevolutionary change process that produces adaptive change
- results from the interaction between individuals that vary inheritable traits and their environment
20
Q
Natural selection requires:
A
- heritable (genetic) variation for some trait
- differential survival and reproduction associated with the possession of the trait
21
Q
What is fitness?
A
Ability to survive and successfully reproduce
22
Q
What is fitness measured by?
A
Measured by # of grandchildren, not children
23
Q
What is the evidence for evolution?
A
- fossil record
- homology and analogy
- biogeography
- comparative embryology
24
Q
What is homology?
A
the similarity in structures resulting from common ancestry
25
What are examples of homology that support evolution?
- human embryo to all other species
- cranial nerves
- notochord = intervertebral discs
- level of finished protein product
26
What is analogy?
Organs that perform the same function in different groups BUT do not show common ancestry or common plan of structure
27
What are examples of analogy?
- Powered flight (insects are different from birds)
28
What is convergent evolution?
Evolution of different organisms or parts of organisms in such similar directions
(type of analogy)
- similar niches in their respective environments yet different parts of globe
29
What does convergent evolution indicate?
- selection of a similar habitat in different evolutionary lineages could occasionally lead to functionally similar anatomically structures
30
What are vestigial structures?
One that is marginal if any, use to organisms in which it occurs
- remnants of structures that served important functions in organisms ancestors
- Arise bc organism adapts to new environment or niche; structure no longer needed or change function
31
What are examples of vestigial structures?
all birds have wings but not all are able to fly
32
What is the classification of vertebrates?
Binomial nomenclature
33
What are hierarchial categories?
taxons
34
What is the evolutionary lineage?
Clade
35
Natural groups identified on the basis of ______.
Derived (homologous) traits
36
What is a derived trait from an ancestor?
apopmorphy
| foot bones of vertebrates drive from pattern found in lobe-finned fish
37
Shared derived traits (homology) = _____.
synapomorphies
38
Inherited ancestral traits that have remained unchanged = _____.
plesiomorphies
| such as vertebral column inherited from ancient fish
39
The goal of clade is to be ____.
monophyletic
40
If you exclude a group in your clade (like birds from reptiles), you've created a _____.
paraphyletic
41
_____ is just pulling at similar characteristics
polyphyletic
42
Why is it important to make a tree?
- see similar characteristics
- common ancestors
- make inferences about extinction
- relationships between animals
- understand critters better
43
Phylum: Chordata traits
- notochord
- pharyngeal slits
- dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- post-anal tail
- endostyle / thyroid gland
44
What does chordata mean?
all animals with a notochord
45
What does craniata mean?
all animals with cranium
46
What does agnatha mean?
the jawless fishes (Cyclostomes)
47
What does gnathostomata mean?
jawed vertebrates, all but agnatha
48
What are the different types of fish?
- agnatha
- osteichthyes
- chondrichthyes
49
What are tetrapoda?
terrestrial vertebrates
| - posses paired weight bearing limbs
50
What are the different types of tetrapods?
- amphibia
- reptilia
- aves
- mammalia
51
What are amniota?
Possess eggs with extraembryonic membranes
52
What are the types of amniota?
- reptilia
- aves
- mammalia
53
What are anamniotes?
all fish + amphibia
54
What are endotherms?
birds and mammals
55
What are gnathostomes?
jawed vertebrates
56
Why are jaws so important?
- can chew and eat larger food
- increases food choices and survival
- helps with respiration
- can get a water flow going (suction)
- using a jaw as a weapon
57
Where do jaws come from?
- Made of cartilage derived from neutral crest cells (same material as gill arches)
- Appeared to arisen by modification of the first cartilaginous gill arches, which aid in gill support and ventilation
58
Jaws are homologous to _________.
anterior arches in agnatha
| muscles in pharynx that support gills - homologous to jaw muscles
59
Gnathostomes have much _____ energy demands than agnathans.
HIGHER
| - these muscles allow them to both pump water across the gill sand suck water into the pharynx
60
What does styly mean?
jaw suspension
61
What's so important about hyostyly?
Allows for more jaw mobility
62
What are hyostyly?
(recent sharks)
| - connects via hyomandibular cartilage -- only connection to skull
63
What are modified hyostyly?
boney fishes
- Jaws connect via hyomandibular and dermal bone
- emergence of symplectic bone
64
What are cyclostomes?
lamprey and fish
65
What's special about hagfish?
have lots of mucous glands that produce large amounts of slime in epidermis and dermis
66
What are thread cells?
Hagfish skin glands that discharge thick cords of mucus when irritated (scattered throughout epidermis)
67
What are slime glands?
Hagfish multicellular glands in dermis (ducts to the surface)
68
What's different about the eyes of lamprey compared to hagfishes?
Eyes are well developed in lamprey
69
What is an ammocoetes?
larval lamprey
70
What is the respiration like in amphioxus?
mostly uses cutaneous respiration, which consists of movement and cilia-lined channels that bring in water for feeding and ventilation (gill slits)
71
What is the respiration like in ammocoetes?
same as amphioxus except current of water is produced by a muscular pump (velum)
72
Water has a much (higher/lower) _________ than air
higher density and viscosity
73
Movement in air is energetically ______.
expensive
74
Movement of water (for ventilation) is energetically ______.
expensive
75
Because of its density, water provides ______ as a means of structural support.
buoyancy
76
Aquatic vertebrates can grow much ______ than terrestrial forms
larger
77
Oxygen availability is much _______ in water than on land
lower. O2 is 21% of air but only 5% of water (4x more oxygen in air)
78
What does it mean when people say water is an electrical conductor?
- fish can use electricity to detect the presence of other animals or for offensive/defensive purposes
- Air does not conduct electricity
79
What do gill rakers do?
- protection for gills against large materials
80
What to gill arches do?
- supports filaments
| - contains body supply
81
What do gill filaments do?
- contain lamellae (water holds apart - can't respire out of water)
- Serves as respiratory surface
- Each contain a capillary bed
82
What factors affect gill efficiency?
- Diffusion distance
- Surface area
- Concentration gradient
83
What are 3 factors that affect diffusion distance?
- Structure of lamellae (2 cells thick, squamous cells of lamellae and capillary)
- Mucus (enhances ion exchange)
- # of lamellae per filament (greater distance between lamellae = less efficient)
84
How is surface area increased?
- more lamellae per filament (decreases diffusion distance as well)
- larger lamellae is found in more active marine fish
85
When the concentration gradient is increased, the diffusion speed is _____.
increased
86
How is concentration gradient maximized? (2 ways)
- Rapid Ventilation
| - Counter-current ventilation
87
The more active a fish is, the _____.
- higher O2 consumption
- more lamella
- larger gill area
- larger O2 capacity
88
What type of gills do lampreys have?
pouched gills
89
What type of gills do chondrichthyes have?
septal gills
90
What type of gills do osteichthyes have?
opercular gills
91
What is endothermy?
Acquiring heat from internal (physiological) sources
92
What is ectothermy?
Acquiring heat from exterior (environmental) sources
93
What is homeothermy?
Maintaining "same" body temperatures despite ambient temperatures
94
What is poikiothermy?
Body temperatures match ambient temperatures
95
What are the advantages to endothermy?
Can survive in a wide range of conditions and habitats (such as Antarctic winters)
96
What are disadvantages of endothermy?
- Much have a constant food supply to drive metabolism
| - Have complex control mechanisms
97
What are the advantages of ectothermy?
- Don't need a constant food supply to drive metabolism
| - Have simple control mechanisms
98
What are the disadvantages of ectothermy?
- Can not survive in as wide of a range of conditions and habitats
99
What is one advantage of endothermic fish?
Certain active marine fish maintain elevated temps above water temperatures
- this is through thermal inertia, heat exchangers, and heater cells
100
What is gigantothermy?
Thermal inertia due to low relative surface area (lower heat dissipation)
101
What is muscular system swimming?
- fish nearly 70% muscle
- arranged into left and right myotomes (myomeres)
- W-shaped at skin
102
What are the 2 types of swimming?
- Oscillatory (swim w/ fins - requires more E)
| - Undulatory (pass waves over body and use body to push against water - more energy efficient)
103
What is oscillatory swimming?
- swim w. fins
- paired fins or with caudal fin
- requires more energy
- pufferfish, boxfish, stingray
104
What is Undulatory swimming?
- Pass waves over the body and use the body to push against the water
- Use alternating contractions of L and R myotomes to produce bends
- More energy efficient
105
What does undulate mean?
BEND
106
What is the order of efficiency of undulatory swimming?
(least efficient to most)
- anguilliform
- subcarangiform
- carangiform
- Thunniform
107
What are examples of non-swimming locomotion?
- gliding (flying fish)
- Walking on bottom (tripod fish, batfish, searobin)
- Terrestrial (mudskippers, walking catfish)
- mangrove killifish
