Exam 1 for VTAH140 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Before the nucleus
A
Pro-
2
Q
Mostly composed of water and other components (i.e. enzymes, essential nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), ribosomes and waste products)
A
Cytoplasm
3
Q
Responsible for holding all the components of the cytoplasm and it acts as a protective barrier.
A
Cell Wall
4
Q
Consists of a double layer of phospolipids
A
Cell membrane
5
Q
Aid in the transport of nutrients across the cell membrane -> the bacteria.
A
Structural Proteins
6
Q
A structural polymer. Found within the cell wall.
A
Peptidoglycan
7
Q
actual number & type of of these layers with the cell wall:
A
Differs between bacterial species
8
Q
Contains the genetic sequence encoding all of the structural and functional components of a cell.
A
DNA
9
Q
Generally have only one chromosome
A
Bacterial DNA
10
Q
May contain additonal DNA
A
Plasmids
11
Q
A circular piece of a double stranded DNA that is capable of replicating own its own, independent from the chromosome and not necessary for bacteria survival
A
Plasmids
12
Q
Contain genes that encode for antibiotic resistance
A
Plasmids
13
Q
Outer most protective layer made of polysaccharides
A
Capsule
14
Q
Capsule is _______________:
A
antiphagocytic
15
Q
The capsule of a bacteria cannot be eaten by:
A
macrophages and neutrophils
16
Q
Bacteria having capsule makes ______
A
it harder to kill with disinfectants
17
Q
unique feature if gram negative, found phospholipid layer of the outer membrane, and causes endotoxic shock
A
LPS
18
Q
Generalized inflammation
A
Endotoxic Shock
19
Q
surface appears smooth
A
Lots of LPS
20
Q
surface appears rough
A
Little or no LPS
21
Q
Bacteria that can assume more than one shape depending on environmental conditions
A
Pleomorphic
22
Q
Single, Pair, Tetrad, Chain, Cluster
A
Common Bacterial Arrangements
23
Q
Coccus, Cocobacillus, Rod (Bacillus), & Spiral (Spirochete)
A
Common Bacterial shapes
24
Q
Some bacteria have it and is used for motility.
A
Flagella
25
single flagellum
Monotrichous
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single flagellum at each end
Amphitrichous
27
bunches of flagella at one end
Lophotrichous
28
flagella all over
Peritrichous
29
long, hairlike structure, used to attach to colonize a surface, used for sexual reproduction, Not used for motility
Pili
30
tiny bristle- like structure distributed evenly over the entire surface, aid in attaching surfaces, Not used for motility
Fimbriae
31
Stain Blue and thick wall of peptidoglycan
Gram postive
32
Stain Red and Small amount of peptidoglycan
Gram negative
33
Some bacteria lack ______. A group that has a lipid-rich cell that contain _______ & ________. Resistant to most ______________. Group of bacteria are called _____________ genus
rigid cell walls; mycotic acids and complex lipids; staining dye; mycobacterium
34
Use sunlight to make food.
Photoautotrophs
35
Photoautotrophs examples
Plants and photosynthesis bactiera
36
Use inorganic substances (Ammonia and Sulfur) for food.
Chemoautotrophs
37
Chemoautotrophs examples
Extremophiles
38
Use organic substances (carbohydrates and fatty acids) for food.
Photoheterotrophs
39
Photoheterotrophs example
Heliobacteria
40
Use of chemicals that are consumed
Chemoheterotrophs
41
Chemoheterotrophs examples
Humans and Fungus
42
Bacteria reproduce ______ and need _______.
quickly; a lot of energy
43
Needed conditions _______, __, ________, and ________.
moisture, pH, temperature, and nutrients
44
Most pathogenic bacteria grow at
natural pH and at 37 C
45
presence of oxygen
Aerobic
46
absence of oxygen
Anaerobic
47
with or without oxygen (obtain oxygen from inorganic sulfates)
Facultative Anaerobic
48
low oxygen levels
Microaerophiles
49
requires 3% to 10% of Carbon dioxide
Capnophillic
50
Bacteria get energy from
Carbohydrates
51
Carboyhydrates are
Glucose, Lactose and Mannitol
52
Bacteria metabolize glucose by
glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETC
53
Glycolysis and Krebs cycle happens in the
Cytoplasm
54
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) happens in the
plasma Membrane
55
Bacteria uses _______ and _____ ____ to convert:
Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to convert carbohydrates into energy to form (ATP)
56
Adenosine Triphosphate is
ATP
57
Is a chemical energy that is required for cells to live and without it the animal will die
ATP
58
A method of asexual reproduction
Binary Fission
59
1. Parent cells duplicates the DNA and structures. 2. Parent cell grows. 3. Parent cell divides and the cross-wall is formed. 4. 2 identical daughter cells are formed (aka Clones)
Steps of Binary Fission
60
a process of binary fission of an single parent bacterium and its daughter cells. continues to repeat and results in the visible appearance of a bacteria colony. If provided optimal growing environment.
Clonal Expansion
61
What are the 4 stages of bacterial growth cycle?
Lag, Log, Stationary & Death Phases
62
no growth/adjustment period
Lag Phase
63
Period of maximum growth/exponential growth
Log Phase
64
limited availability of nutrients and an increase waste product concentrations
Stationary phase
65
Growth rate is equal to
the death rate
66
Depletion of available nutrients and increase in toxic waste products
Death Phase
67
a grouping of bacteria with a distinct architectural structure
Biofilm
68
Biofilm has two main parts
Core of bacteria and outer layer of polysaccharides
69
chemical signals that control the bacteria growth within the biofilm.
Quorom Sensing
70
resistant to phagocytosis
Antiphagocytic
71
resistant to destruction by antibiotics
Antibiotic resistant
72
a process where the bacteria goes through when the environmental conditions are bad and it develops an endospore
Sporulation
73
Develop within the bacteria and contains all the contents within the cytoplasm for survival
Endospore
74
Bacterial examples of Endospores
Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax) & Clostridium
75
may occur following mutation in which a change occurs in the nucleotide sequence of a gene or recombination
Genetic Variation
76
results from mistakes in DNA replication. Can be good or bad.
Spontaneous mutations
77
_________________ induces an inheritable change due to the introduction of a new genetic material
Recombination
78
1 cell extends a sex pilus out to another cell, draws it closer, gives it a copy of a plasmid
Conjugation
79
Bacteria can scavenge naked DNA floating space, internalize it, and incorporate it into their own DNA
Transformation
80
Bacterial DNA îs transferred from one bacterial to another inside a virus capable of infecting bacteria (bacteriophages)
Transduction
81
the reduction of the number of pathogenic microorganisms to the point where they pose no danger of disease
Disinfection
82
chemical agent used on inanimate object to destroy microorganisms
Disinfectants
83
4 effectiveness of a disinfectant is dependent on:
Number of organisms present, pH, temperature, and concentration
84
Killing or remove of all microorganisms in a material or an object.
Sterilization
85
Chemical agent that is safe to use on living tissue to destroy microorganisms or to inhibit their growth.
Antiseptic
86
Time is required for the product to be effective
Contact Time
87
Level of effectiveness of a chemical antimicrobial
Potency
88
Kills the bacteria
Bactericial
89
inhibits the growth
Bacteriosatic
90
1st requirement in to disinfection is to start with a _________
Clean Area
91
___________ __________ i.e. of feces or dirt; protects the microbes against the antimicrobial products
Organic Matter
92
___________ removes organic material by increasing the wetting speed and breaking the organic material into small particles
Detergents
93
kills microorganisms by damaging cell components
Chemical antimicrobial agents
94
Chemical antimicrobial agents damage:
Proteins, Membranes, and other cell components
95
Bactericidal; not effective against spores or fungi
Alcohols
96
I.e. of Alcohols
Disinfecting Wipes
97
Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal
Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxides
98
I.e. of Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxides
Rescue
99
Contains glutaraldhyde and Antimicrobial Agent
Aldehydes
100
Used in chemical Sterilization
Aldehydes
101
Contains Dimethyl benzyl ammonia chlorides (BACs) or Benzalkonium Chloride, aka QUATS, Bactericidal and not effective against spores or fungi
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
102
Contains Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and its Bactricidal and Virucidal
Chloride
103
Contains 2% and it is Antiseptic/disinfectant - control a wide range of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi
Chlorhexidine
104
Contains Iodine, Antiseptic/disfectant, and Antimicrobial to limit activity against bacterial spores
Iodine/Iodophors
105
all surface of the hands, fingers, and nails are scrubbed and contact time is 20 seconds
Hand washing technique
106
Areas commonly missed when washing hands:
Underneath finger nails, skin between fingers, and back of the thumb
107
free from contamination with harmful microorganisms
Aseptic
108
used to prepare for procedures under sterile conditions
Aseptic technique
109
Set of instructions, hand washing techniques, surgical gowns and gloves, and proper handling of sterile equipment and instruments
Standard operating procedure (SOP)
110
Methods used to sterilize
Heat, Radiation, Sonication
111
It penetrates thick material
Heat
112
Moist Heat example
Boiling Water
113
water that is pressurized to achieve a higher boiling point
Autoclave
114
Autoclave must maintain
15 psi and 121C for 15 min
115
Dry Heat example
Open/Oven Flame
116
use to sterilize metal objects and glassware
Dry heat
117
Considered sterilized for dry heat
171C for 1 hour or 121C for 10-16 hours
118
non-ionizing radiation example
UV lights
119
kills microorganisms at wavelengths of 200 nm
UV lights
120
Ionizing Radiation examples
X rays and Radioactive material
121
to sterilize plastic laboratory and medical equipment
Ionizing Radiation
122
use of ultrasonic vibrations to remove microbes from the surface of instruments
Sonfication
123
used to clean surgical or dental instruments
Sonfication
124
development and application of sanitary measures for the sake of cleanliness and protecting health
Sanitation
125
any substance of material that is composed primarily of carbon
Organic Material
126
Examples of organic Material
Feces, urine, soil, blood and pus
