Exam 1: Foundations of Biopsychology Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Biopsychology
A
Study of biology of behavior (psychology)
2
Q
Behavior is product of 3 interactions
A
- Genetic endowment
- Experience
- Perception of current situation
3
Q
2 dimensions among research approaches
A
- Subjects (human vs nonhuman)
2. Design (experiments vs nonexperiments)
4
Q
6 divisions of biopsychology
A
- Physiological psychology
- Psycho-pharmacology
- Neuro-psychology
- Psycho-physiology
- Cognitive Neuroscience
- Comparative Psychology
5
Q
Physiological psychology
A
Study of neural mechanisms of behavior by manipulating nervous system of nonhuman animals in controlled experiments
6
Q
Strategy of physiological psych
A
Insert precisely a tool in the brain, use tool and observe behavior, use atlas and stereotaxic instrument
+
Lesions, electrical stimulation, physiological recordings
7
Q
Psychopharmacology
A
Study of effects of drugs on brain and behavior in nonhumans and humans
8
Q
Strategy of psychopharmacology
A
Administer drugs to inc. or dec. effects of chemical messengers
9
Q
Measuring chemical activity for psychopharmacology
A
- 2-Deoxyglucose: taken up by active cells, brain is removed/imaged
- Cerebral dialysis: implant tube, analyze chemicals found outside cells of behaving animals
10
Q
Locating NTs for psychopharmacology
A
Immunoctochemistry and In situ hyrbridization
11
Q
Neuropsychology
A
Study of psychological effects of brain damage in human patients
12
Q
Strategy of neuropsychology
A
Assess the cognitive functions of neurologic patients using a test battery approach
13
Q
Psychophysiology
A
Study of relation between gross physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects by noninvasive physiological recording
14
Q
Strategy of psychophysiology
A
Record physiological activity from surface of human body while a behavior is performed
15
Q
5 most widely studied measures in psychophysiology
A
- Brain: EEG
- Muscle tension: EMG
- Eye movement: EOG
- Skin conductance
- Cardio: ECG
16
Q
Cognitive neuroscience
A
Study of neural mechanisms of human cognition
17
Q
Strategy of cognitive neuro
A
Use functional brain imaging techniques to identify parts of brain that mediate various constituent cognitive processes
-PET and fMRI
18
Q
Comparative psychology
A
Study of evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior in laboratory species
19
Q
Strategy of comparative psych
A
Use genetic manipulations and behavioral research methods to assess species-common behaviors (ex: eating, drinking, anxiety, aggression, sexual behavior), gene knockout/replacement, conditioning
20
Q
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
A
Severe memory loss, commonly seen in alcoholics (Jimmie G), due to thiamine deficiency but accelerated by alcohol
21
Q
Channel protein
A
Allows molecules to pass through, in membranes around cell
22
Q
Signal proteins
A
Transfer signal to inside of neuron where particular molecules bind to them on outside of membrane, on surface
23
Q
Golgi stain
A
Allows for visualization of individual neurons
24
Q
Nissl stain
A
Selectively stains cell bodies, used to indicated the number of neurons in an area
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Electron microscopy
Provides info about details of neuronal structure
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Anterograde tract tracing
Trace axons projecting away from cell bodies
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Retrograde tract tracing
Trace axons projecting into an area of cell bodies
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Sensory neuron
Info from tissue/organs, unipolar in PNS
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Interneuron
Integrates and intermediate, multipolar in CNS
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Motor neuron
Information to effector cells, multipolar in PNS
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Glia
Helper cells, outnumber neurons 5:1, provide structural/metabolic support to neurons, glial communication and modulatory effects of glia on neuronal communication
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Oligodendrocytes
Extensions rich in myelin (myelinated many), create myelin sheaths in CNS
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Schwann cells
Similar to oligodendrocytes, but in PNS, can guide axonal regeneration, need many because only one at a time
34
Microglia
Involved in response to injury or disease, ramified (non-activated), motile (activated), phagocytic, "WBC of CNS")
35
Astrocytes
Largest glia, star-shaped, many functions:
- Form barrier
- Control blood flow to neurons
- Maintain proper chemical state/remove waste
- Surround synapses and modify neuronal signals
- Send nutrients (glucose) to neurons
- Digest old neuronal parts
- Secrete NTs and glial-transmitters
36
Resting membrane potential (value)
-70mv, said to be polarized
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Inside vs outside ions
Inside: Potassium
Outside: Sodium & Chloride
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Concentration gradient
Particles moving from an area with high concentration to area with low concentration
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Electrical gradient
Formed by charge difference across membrane
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Depolarizations
EPSPs, make membrane potential more positive
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Hyperpolizations
IPSPs, make membrane potential more negative
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PSP properties (3)
1. Graded- amp proportional to intensity
2. Rapid
3. Decremental- decrease as they travel towards soma
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Types of summation of PSPs (2)
1. Spatial- different places
| 2. Temporal- different times
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What causes absolute refractory period?
Voltage-gated Na+ channels closed (1 ms)
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Relative refractory period
(2-4 ms) AP is possible for a stronger than normal stimulus to overcome fact that voltage-gated K+ channels still open
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Orthodromic conduction
Natural direction, from cell body to terminal buttons
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Antidromic conduction
Towards cell body
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Saltatory conduction
In myelinated axons, APs "hop" from one node of Ranvier to the next
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Directed synapse
Site of release and contact are in close proximity
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Non-directed synapse
Site of release and contact are separated by some distance (e.g., hormones and neuromodulators)
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Coexistence
Most neurons contain 2 NTs- one small in small vesicles; one large in larger vesicle
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Ionotropic receptors
Associated with ligand-activated ion channels (fast and result in a PSP)
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Metabotropic receptors
Associated with signal proteins and G proteins (slow and are longer-lasting, are varied)
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Autoreceptors
Metabotropic receptors on pre-synaptic membrane, maintains appropriate level of NT release
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Reuptake
Typical, scoop up and recycle NT
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Enzymatic degradation
NT is broken down by enzymes
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Steps in NT action (7)
1. Synthesize NTs under influence of enzymes
2. Store in vesicles
3. Leaky NTs are destroyed by enzymes
4. APs cause vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release NT
5. Released NT bind with autoreceptors and inhibit more release
6. NT bind to postsynaptic receptors
7. NT deactivated by reuptake of enzymatic degradation
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Gap junctions
Connects cytoplasm of 2 adjacent cells (between neurons and glia)
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Tripartite synpase
Astrocytes wrap around synapses and connect to both pre- and post- synaptic cells
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Small NTs (4)
1. Amino acids
2. Monamines
3. Ach
4. Unconventional NTs (ex: nitric oxide)
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Large NT
Neuropeptides
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Amino Acid NTs
- Glutamate and Aspartate: excitatory
| - GABA and Glycine inhibitory
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Monoamines
Catecholamines and indolamines, synapses tend to be nondirect (unusual for small NTs)
64
Achetylcholine receptors (2)
1. Nicotinic- ionotropic, activates muscle, PNS
| 2. Muscarinic- metabotropic, memory, CNS
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Soluble gases
Exist briefly, involved in retrograde transmission (regulate activity of presynaptic cells)
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Endocannabinoids
Similar to THC (marijuana), exist briefly, inhibit release of NT
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Agonists
Increase or facilitate activity
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Antagonists
Decrease or inhibit activity
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3 meninges
1. Dura mater (superficial)
2. Arachnoid mater (has CSF)
3. Pia mater (deep)
70
Brain blood supply from 3 main arteries
1. Anterior
2. Middle
3. Posterior cerebral arteries
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Spinal cord blood supply from 3 main arteries
1. Anterior
2. Right
3. Left posterior arteries
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CNS: Blood barriers
BBB and BSCB, glucose is actively transported
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Why is the blood barrier weak in some areas?
Allow monitoring of the chemical composition of blood
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4 differences between CNS and PNS
1. Skull
2. Meninges
3. CSF
4. Blood barriers
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5 major divisions in brain
1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon
3. Mesencephalon
4. Metencephalon
5. Myelencephalon
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Spinal cord segments
31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
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Spinal cord areas (2)
1. Inner H-shape: grey matter (cell bodies)
| 2. Outer area: white matter (myelinated axons)
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Sections of spinal cord
- Dorsal, afferent, sensory, unipolar
| - Ventral, efferent, motor, multipolar
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Somatic nervous system
Conscious, sensory and motor innervation, sensations we are aware of (light and pain), voluntary movements
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Autonomic nervous system
Unconscious, regulates visceral (organ) functions that maintain homeostasis, 2 efferent components: symp. and parasymp.
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ANS: second-stage neurons in sympathetic
Far from target
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ANS: second-stage neurons in parasympathetic
Near target organ
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Cranial nerves
- "On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How"
- "Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most"
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Myelencephalon function
Serves as the connection between the higher levels of the brain and spinal cord and deals with basic autonomic functions
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Dorsal column nuclei
In myelencephalon, receives ascending (sensory) info, sends to thalamus (contains cuneatus and gracilis)
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Inferior olive
In myelencephalon, motor coordination, inputs to cerebellum
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Metencephalon structures
Pons and cerebellum
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Mesencephalon structures
Tectum (roof) and tegmentum
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Tectum
Composed of two bumps: superior and inferior colliculi
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Tegmentum
3 "colorful" nuclei:
1. Periaqueductal gray
2. Red nucleus
3. Substantia nigra
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Periaqueductal gray (cell bodies)
Pain modulation, defensive behavior, maternal behavior
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Red nucleus (iron)
Motor coordination, receives output from cerebellum
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Substantia nigra (melanin)
Movement planning, talks to pontine nuclei
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Reticular Formation
Complex network of nuclei, sleep-wake transitions, attention/arousal (RAS), voluntary motor control, reward and addiction (VTA), mood (locus coeruleus, Raphe nuclei)
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Diencephalon structures
Thalamus and hypothalamus
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Thalamus functions
Process/relay info to cortex, consciousness, attention, sleep-wake, structure for ascending tracts
97
Parts of thalamus to know (3)
1. VPN- receives from dorsal column nuclei, ascending somatosensory
2. LGN: vision
3. MGN: auditory
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Hypothalamus functions
Links nervous system to endocrine system, controls activities of ANS
99
Telencephalon
Fissues (divides lobes), sulci, gyri, commissures
100
3 large gyri
1. Precentral
2. Postcentral
3. Superior temporal
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Telencephalon: neocortex
6 layers
102
Telencephalon: limbic system
Amygdala, hippocampus, (cingulate, fornix, septum, mammillary bodies); regulates emotional life and contributes to memory formation
103
Telencephalon: basal ganglia
Striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus and substantia nigra; plays role in performance of voluntary motor responses
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Phases of development
Ovum + sperm = zygote, cell division
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Fertilized egg potency
Totipotent
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Blastocyst potency
Pluripotent (can be anything in future, except placental cell)
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What does the ectoderm become?
Outer layer of skin, hair, lining of nose and mouth, and NS
108
What does the endoderm become?
Digestive tract, respiratory tract, liver, and pancreas
109
What does the mesoderm become?
Muscles and skeleton
110
Neural plate
A patch of tissue on the dorsal surface of the embryo, induced by chemical signals from mesoderm (the "organizer"), ectoderm flattened
111
Radial migration
Proceeds from the ventricular zone in a straight line outward toward the outer wall of the tube, easier than tangential
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Tangential migration
Occurs at a right angle to radial migration- parallel to tube's wall
113
Aggregation
After migration, cells align themselves with other cells and form structures, form nuclei (CNS) and ganglia (PNS)
114
Growth cone
At the growing tip of each extension; extends and retracts filopodia as if finding its way
115
What is synapse formation process enhanced by?
Presence of glial cells, especially astrocytes
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Necrosis
Cells crushed, not free will, microglia cleans up (like murder)
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Apoptosis
Program cell death if neuron fails to obtain life-preserving chemicals (neurotrophins), clean, no inflammation,
118
Growth is a consequence of... (3)
1. Synaptogenesis
2. Myelination
3. Dendritic branching
119
Neurogenesis
Growth of new neurons seen in olfactory bulb and hippocampus
120
Where are chloride channels located?
Dendrites
121
Where is the most glutamate located?
Vesicles
122
Where are microtubules located?
Axon
123
Where are reuptake transporters located?
Buttons
124
Where are G proteins located?
Dendrites
