exam 1 histo Flashcards
(22 cards)
1-oral mucosa
2-lining mucosa
3-masticatory mucosa
4-specialized mucosa
1-strat squamous epi & lamina propria
also see langerhans, merkel & melanocytes
2-nonkeratinized epi (nuclei present in all layers)
- inner lining of lips, cheeks, soft palate, floor of mouth
- elastic fibers in lam propria
3-keratinized/parakeratinized
- in gingiva & hard palate
- tall narrow CT papillae
- mucoperiosteum as attachment to bone
4-keratinized w/ papillae & taste buds
-found on dorsal surface of tongue
1-tongue
2-filiform
3-fungiform
4-circumvallate
5-taste buds
6-von ebner
7-foliate
8-dorsal tongue
1-interlacing skeletal muscle bundles covered by oral mucosa
-dorsal divided by sulcus terminalis (V-shaped)= ant 2/3 and post 1/3
2-most numerous, conical, keratinized, no taste buds
3-mushroom shaped, visible, numerous near tip of tongue, lightly keratinized, some taste buds
4-large, dome shaped, 1 row of papillae anterior to sulcus terminalis, taste buds in lateral walls of papillae w/ taste receptors
5-small intraepithelial organs w/ neuroepithelial cells
6-ducts of serous glands of von ebner empty into base of furrow…thin serous secretion washes food material away from taste buds, permitting new taste sensations
7-not well developed in humans, on lateral of tongue, w/ taste buds
8-posterior to sulcus terminalis has accumulations of lymphatic tissues= lingual tonsil in lam propria of base of tongue
1-palate
2-hard palate
3-soft palate
4-salivary glands
5-structures of salivary glands
6-serous cells
7-mucous cells
8-myoepithelial (basket) cells
1-forms roof of mouth separating oral & nasal cavities
-numerous submucosal mucous glands
2-anterior bony part covered by masticatory mucosa, adheres to periosteum
3-mobile, important during swallowing
4-3 pairs of major & minor salivary glands making saliva—reaching oral cavity via ducts
5-branched tubuloalveolar glands
-capsule formed by dense CT—gives rise to CT septa—divde gland into lobules
6-watery secretion w/ electrolytes & enzymes
- pyramidal in shape, eosinophilic cytoplasm w/ basophilic granules
- protein secreting cell
- nucelus= round & near center of cell
7-thick, viscous
- pale cytoplasm
- flattened nucleus near basal
8-contractile cells w/ numerous processes
1-acini
intralobular ducts
2-intercalated ducts
3-striated ducts
4-excretory (interlobular/interlobar) ducts
1-composed of serous cells only, mucous cells only or mucous cells w/ cap of few serous (serous demilune)
-outer surfaces of acinus is surrounded by contractile myoepithelial cells—both myoeptihelial & acinus surrounded by basal lamina
2-drain 2 or more secretory units
-in lobulue & lined by low cuboidal epi
3-drain 2 or more intercalated ducts
- drain single lobule
- simple cuboidal that become columnar closer to excretory ducts
- like ion transporting cells (have basal infolding)
4-between lobules that they drain
-strat cuboidal epi then becomes strat columnar as ducts diameters inc
near major outlet of major duct the epi becomes strat squamous
1-saliva
2-parotid gland
3-submandibular fland
4-sublingual gland
5-sjogrens syndrome
1-moistens & cleanses oral cavity
- has a-amylase to digest carbs
- has lysozymes & IgA to contral flora in cavity
- production under control via ANS—
- –symp stimulation= small amounts of protein rich (viscous) saliva= dry mouth & thirst
- –parasymp= production of watery rich saliva
2-25% of saliva—only serous
-rich in proteins—high a-amylase activity
3-70% of saliva—mixed but mostly serous (80%) 20% mucous (serous deminulunes)
4-mixed–-mostly mucous salivaray gland—CT capsule illdefined
-30% serous= serous demilunes—& 70% mucous
5-autoimmune disorder—exocrine glands are attacked
-radiation = damage to salivary gland = dry mouth syndrome
1-tubular part of digestive tract
2-mucosa
2a-epi lining
2b-lam propria
2c-muscularis mucosae (interna)
1-esophagus, stomach, small & larges intestines, rectume & anal canal
-4 layers—mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, & adventitia/serosa
2-formed by epi lining, lam propria, & muscular muco
2a-functions: formation of selectively permeable barrier between digestive tract & tissues of body
- faciliate transport & digestion of food & absorption of food
- production of hormones (enteroendocrine)
- protection of epi lining by production of mucus
2b-loose CT—has blood & lymph vessels & lymphoid tissue in diffuse/nodular form
-lymphoid tissue of digestive tract= gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)—immuno barrier protecting against microbial pathogens
2c-layer of smooth muscle—inner circular & outer longitudinal —allows movement of mucosa independent of digestive tract
tubular digestive tract
1-submucosa
2-muscularis externa
3-adventitia/serosa
1-CT, usually dense w/ many blood & lymph vessels, glands & lymph tissue
-scattered parasymp ganglia—makeup submucosal or meissners nerve plexus—part of enteric nervous
2-formed by smooth muscle—inner circular, outer longitudinal…has inner oblique layer
- parasymp cells= ganglia of myenteric (auerbachs) nerve plexus—between inner/outer layers of SM
- interstitial cells of cajal—network between neurons of myenteric plexus & SM of muscularis externa= gastroenteric pacemaker for motility of digestive
3-outer layer of loose CT
- organ embedded in CT, outer layer of CT has no clear demarcation= adventitia
- where gut lies in ab cavity, outer layer of CT covered by mesothelium (simple squamous)—outer CT layer= serosa
1-esophagus
2-mucosa
3-lamina propria
4-muscularis mucosae
5-submucosa
6-muscularis externa
7-auerbach myenteric plexus
8-adventitia
9-GERD
1-long straight muscular tube that transmits food from oropharynx to stomach
2-strat squamous non keratinized epi-–epi can become keratinized if subjected to abrasion
3-loose CT—proximal & distal protions have simple tubular mucus glands= esophageal cardiac glands
4-longitudinally arranged SM-–thick in proximal bc of swallowing
5-dense irregular CT w/ collagen & elastic fibers
-tubuloalveolar mucus glands—esophageal proper—scattered throughout length of esophagus
6-changes throughout esophagus—usually inner circular & outer longitudinal
- upper 1/3rd of esophagus= skeletal muscle, continuous w/ pharynx muscles
- middle 1/3rd- SM are internal to skeletal & # incs distally
- distal 1/3rd= only SM
7-found between outer & inner muscle layers along whole esophagus
8-loose CT
9-incompetent barrier at gastroesophageal junction
- inflammation of esophagus & damage to epi lining= erosion of esophageal mucosa
- untreated GERD= metaplasia of esophageal epi
- replacement of strat squamous by simple colum= intestinal metaplasia
1-stomach
2-cardia
3-fundus & body
4-pylorus
1-mixed endo/exocrine organ that stores & digests
& secretes hormones
-digestion of carbs continues in stomach
-acidifed & transformed into viscous mass= chyme
-protein digestion initiated w/ enzyme pepsin
-triglycerides intiated by lipase
-mucosa & submosa are longitudinal folds= rugae
2-transition zone between esophagus & stomach—glands make mucus
3-histologically identical—gastric glands releasing acidic gastric juice
4-funnel shaped region that opens into small intestine—glands make mucus
stomach mucosa
1-epi
2-lam proria
3-muscularis mucosae
4-cardiac glands
5-gastric glands
6-pyloric glands
1-simple colum-–cells are surface mucous cells
- secrete alkaline mucus= protective coat on epi surface
- mucus protects surface of stomach from acids & enzymes by stomach —adds in lubrication
- epi invaginates into lam propria= gastric pits
- lead into tubular glands= project into lam propria
2-loose CT, has lymph tissue & BV—gastric glands here
3-inner circular & outer longitudinal SM layers
4-shortest & least numerous
5-largest & most numerous
6-like cardiac glands
1-glands of stomach (cardiac & gastric & pyloric)
cells of glands
2-undifferentiated stem cells
3-mucous neck cells
4-parietal (oxyntic) cells
5-chief (peptic or zymogenic) cells
6-enteroendocrine cells
1-straight, tubular & branched
- upper portion of gland at junction of gastric pit & gland forms isthmus of gland
- below isthmus = neck of gland
- lower potion of gland= base of gland
2-found in isthmus & neck—low columnar w/ basal oval nucleus—proliferative & source of new surface mucous cells & other cells of glands
3-found in neck—shorter (less colum) than surface mucous cells
- round nucleus & apical secretory granules
- progenitor & immature surface mucous cells
- mucus produced by cells= more soluble than mucus produced by surface mucous cells
4-most numerous in neck & upper segment of glands
-large spherical cells w/ strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm & centrally located nucleus—make HCl & intrinsic factor (glycoprotein for Vit B12 absorption…w/o absorption= pernicious anemia)
5-in lower 1/3rd of glands-–basophilic & granular cytoplasm. basal nucleus.
make pepsinogen & lipase—pepsinogen-> pepsin
6-found in base of glands
-part of diffuse neuroendocrine system, present in other parts of digestive system…cells have granules in basal area of cytoplasm= serotonin, gastrin, somatostatin & glucagon
stomach
1-submucosa
2-muscularis externa
3-serosa
4-cardia morph
5-body/fundus morph
6-pylorus morph
7-gastritis
1-usually dense CT, blood, & lymph vessels, lymphoid (mast cells & macrophages)
2-SM layers in 3 directions: inner oblique, middle circular (enlarges= pyloric sphincter) & outer longitudinal
-strong contractions of muscle wall= churning action, mechanically breaks down ingested matter
3-loose CT covered by mesothelium
4-simple/branched tubular glands—coiled w/ large lumens; 1:2 depth ratio-–most cells produce mucus & lysozyme
5-mucosa makes acid-pepsin juices w/ some mucus
-shallow pits: 1:4 ratio
6-simple/branched tubular—coiled
secrete mucus, lysozyme & gastrin. 1:1 ratio
7-inflammation of stomach—acute/chronic
-infection w/ helicobacter pylori= cause of most ulcers/inflammation
1-small intestine
2-mucosa
3-enterocytes
4-goblet cells
5-enteroendocrine
6-stem cells
7-paneth cells
8-M (microfold) cells)
1-terminal food digestion, secretion of enzymes/hormones & nutrient absorption
-lining of small intestine forms visible to naked eye folds= plicae circulares (circular folds)—bc of junctions of mucosa—mainly in jejunum gone by distal ileum
2-epi & lamina prop= finger like projections= villi
-between villi, epi deepens into lam propr & make tubular glands= intestinal glands or cypts of lieberkuhn—into muscularis mucosae
3–tall absorptive cells= simple colum epi
- apex of cell covered w/ microvilli= brush border, inc surface area
- joined by terminal bars—surface covered by glycoocalyx—absorb nutrients from lumen of SI.
- sugars & proteins in blood capillaries & lipids into central lacteal
4-scattered between enterocyetes—inc in # towards distal of SI
5-among products= gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, glucagon, gastric-inhibitory peptide & motilin
6-in bases of intestinal ctypts…replenish epi cells in SI
7-numerous in ileum at bases of crypts—exocrine cells w/ large eosinophilic granules in apical portion of cytoplasma—produce lysozyme & antimicrobial
8-specialized epi cells, numerous in ileum…overly peyers patch. make membrane invaginations where intraepi lymphocytes & antigen presenting cells
-have present food antigens to immune cells of peyers
SI
1-lam propria
2-muscularis mucosae
3-submucosa
4-muscularis externa
5-adventitia
6-serosa
1-loose CT w/ blood, lymph & nerves—make core of intestinal villus
2-inner circular & outer longitudinal SM
-extend into villi facilitating rhythmic movements
3-CT rich in collagen & elastic fibers
- meissners plexus present
- duodenum the submucosa has brunners glands
- ileum= peyers patches extend into submucosa
4-inner circular & outer longituidanl layers of SM
-auerbachs myenteric plexus between 2 layers
5-outer layer of major part of duodenum
6-outer layer of jejunum & ileum
1-duodenum
2-jejunum
3-ileum
4-celiac disease
1-villi are broad & leaf shaped
- brunners glands in submucosa—coiled tubular glands that open into intestinal glands
- alkaline mucous secretion= protects intestinal lining from acid stomach contents & help neutralize acidity
2-tall finger-shaped villi
-plicae circulares taller & thicker than in the ileum
3-villi are shorter than in jejunum
- goblet cells are more numerous than in duodenum & jejunum
- large amts of GALT in lam propria
- peyers patches= accumulations of lymph tissue from mucosa into submucosa
4-autoimmune malabsorptive syndrome of SI that shows characteristic morph changes in proximal SI
- loss of villous architecture bc of inflammatory & autoimmune damage to cells
- sensitivity to dietary gluten
- inflammation bc of CD* T cells in surface an CD4 T in lam propria
- withdrawal of gluten = improval of clinical symptoms but symptoms reappaear upon challenge to gluten diet
1-large intestine
layers of large intestine
2-mucosa
3-lam propria
4-muscularis mucosae
5-submucosa
6-muscularis externa
7-serosa/adventitia
1-absorption of H20 from contents of the gut lumen= solid fecal mass
-large intestine secretes mucous for lubrication, protection & hormones
2-lacks villi, has a smooth interior surface
- surface epi invaginates into lam propria to form intestinal glands of lieberkuhn (crypts in SI, glands in LI)
- surface of LI lined by simple colum epi= intestinal absorptive cells & goblet cells—goblet cells are predom cell type, inc in # as rectum approached
- intestinal glands of lieberkuhn have intestinal absorptive cells, goblet cells, undifferntiated cells & enteroendocrine.
3-has lymphoid tissue, like SI
4-inner ciruclar & outer longitudinal
5-similar to SI, no glands
6-inner circular, outer longtiduinal of SM
- outer long= discontinuous= tenia coli
- myenteric plexus in between
7-cecum, transverse, & sigmoid= serosal layer
-ascending, descending & rectum= partly serosal surface/adventitia
1-appendix
2-liver
3-liver function
1-like LI
- lumen= small, irregular, debris= detritus
- lam propria & submosa= infiltrated w/ lymph tissue (nodular & diffuse)
- shorter/fewer glands w/ no teniae coli
2-metabolism of carbs, proteins & fats
- modification of substances
- formation & secretion of bile (exocrine)
3-exocrine ( bile) & endocrine (glucose, lipprotein, fibrogen & plasma albumin)
- bile acids= emulsification of lipids
- –phospholipids—solubilize cholesterol
- –cholesterol
- –bilirubin= breakdown hemoglobin in mononuclear phagocytic system
- formation & storage of glycogen from glucose, lactic acid & pyruvic acid
- lipid metabolism= formation of lipoprotein in circulating blood…
- detox of substances (drugs)
- hemopoiesis in fetus/neborns
1-liver organization
2-hepatocyte
1-parenchyma formed by hepatocytes via anastomosing & branching plates
- adjacent plates of hepatocytes separated by blood sinusoids
- plates of hepatocytes & sinusoids are arranged in radial pattern around central vein= smallest tributary to hepatic vein
- hepatic lobule= hexagonal cross section
- corners of hepatic lobule= portal areas= portal triads= branch of portal vein= branch of hepatic artery & bile duct
- some animals (pig, camel, racoon) lobule bound by CT but not in human…boundaries are observed via central vein & then portal areas at corners of lobule
2-polygonal in shape
- large nuclei, round, center of cell—most= binucelate
- cytoplasm has abundant organelles—RER, SER, GA, perozisomes, lysosomes & mitochondria= glycogen & lipid
- form tiny channel= bile canaliculus= goes through plates of hepatocytes & terminates in bile ducts of portal areas
- walls of bile canaliculi= formed by plasmalemma of hepatocytes
- plasmalemma= margins of canaliculus joined by tight junctions, preventing escape of bile
- hepatocytes have microvili protruding into bile canaliculi
liver
1-bile ducts
2-blood supply
1-bile canaliculi unite w/ interlobular bile ducts in portal areas by small interconecting channels= terminal bile ductules
- terminal bile ductules have low cuboidal epi= gradullay inc in height as they approach interlobular ducts
- interlobular ducts have low colum epi
- interlobular ducts join to make extrahepatic ducts that leave liver
- *-bile moves towards portal areas while blood moves away**
2-portal vein= brings O2 poor blood from gut & glands—nutrients & toxins from intestines, blood cells & breakdown from spleen, & endocrine secretions from pancreas /intestines
- hepatic arteries= brings O2 rich blood
- blood from both systems mix in blood sunusoids that course along plates of heaptocytes= emptying into thin-walled central veins—central veins ultimately join to make larger veins—forming 2/more hepatic veins into IVC
- sinusoids similar to capillaries—large diameter—formed by thin discontinuous endothelium, supported by little CT—show intracellular fenestrae, no basal lamina & are leaky
- sinusoids separated from plates of hepatocytes by narrow perisinusoidal space of disse—facilitates exchange of material between hepatocytes & blood
- –blood plasma moves out of sinusoids through discontinuities & fenestrae
- –plasmalemma of hepatocyte facing perisinusoidal space have many microvilli= inc Surface area for absorption
liver
1-portal lobule
2-liver/hepatic acinus
3-gall bladder function
4-gall bladder organization
5-mucosa—lam prop & muscularis mucosae
6-muscularis externa
7-adventitia
1-based on bile drainage—centered about a portal area & consists of hepatic tissue drained by interlobular bile duct
-triangular in shape
2-based on blood supply—hepatic tissue supplied by term branch of hepatic artery & portal vein
-portal lobule is diamond shaped w/ central vein
3-storage of bile
conc of bile
release of bile—contraction of SM is induced by cholecystokinin (CCK)—made by enteroendocrine
4-hollow, pear shaped organ…connected by cystic duct to common hepatic duct to make common bile duct
5-abundant, irregular folds
- simple colum epi w/ microvili (no goblet)
- has lam propria
- no muscularis mucosae = no submucosa
6-irregular in thickness & orietnation
-SM= interlacing bundles= collagenous, reticular & elastic fibers
7-gall bladder lies on liver & serosa (gall bladder covered by peritoneum)
1-pancreas general plan
2-exocrine pancreas
3-acinar cells
1-pancreas separated into lobules by CT septa
-pancreas divided into exocrine (secretes digestive enzymes) & endocrine (secretions are for carb metabolism)
2-lobulated, compound tubuloacinar gland
- serous secretory units are tubular or flask-shaped & supported by delicate CT
- acini or alveoli have 5-8 pyramidal serous acinal cells around central lumen
3-single nucleus lies toward basal surface
- basal cytoplasm has RER & mitochondria, giving portion of cytoplasm a basophilic appearance
- extensive FA = present near nucleus
- zymogen granules containing digestive enzymes & pre-enzymes fill apical cytoplasm & relased by exocytosis
- –synthesis of material in basal cytoplasm by RER
- –packaging of material in perinuclear located GA
- –storage of material in apical cytoplasm by zymogen granules= released into duct system of pancreas
1-pancreatic acinar cells
2-pancreatic secretions controlled by
3-duct system
4-endocrine pancreas
1-secrete precurors of amylase, lipases, endopeptidases & exopeptidases
-pancreatic juices have lots of Na bicarb that neutralize HCl, present in chyme= neutralalkaline pH needed for pancreatic digestive enzymes
2-secretin—from enteroendocrine of SI
- cholecystokinin—diff population of enteroendocrine in SI
- vagal parasymp input
3-centroacinal cells in lumen of acinus form first part of duct system
- centroacinar cells are continuous outside acinus w/ intercalated
- –intralobular-w/in lobules of pancreas= formed by joining intercalated
- –interlobular- between lobules are formed by joining intralobular ducts
- –striate ducts arent present
4-spheroidal masses of palestaining cells= islets of langerhands
- –alpha cells= 20% of islet= glucagon=BG inc
- –beta cells= 70% of islet= insulin= BG dec
- –delta cells= 10%= somatostatin (inhibit alpha/beta)
