Exam 1 - History of Anesthesia Flashcards
(51 cards)
What is the definition of anesthesia?
Lack of feeling or sensation
Artifically induced loss of the ability to feel pain
What is general anesthesia?
Drug-induced loss of conciousness
Patients are not arousable even to painful stimulation
Typically impairs independent ventilatory function requiring support
What is regional anesthesia?
Insensibility caused by interruption of sensory nerve conduction in a region of the body (peripheral, spinal, erpidural)
LOC and venilation are unaffected
What is sedation?
A spectrum of conciousness between “awake” and “unconcious”
Describe the three depths of sedation?
When do some believe was the first anesthetic given?
In the Garden of Eden when God made a deep sleep fall of upon adam when he made Eve from his rib.
What are thought to be some of the earliest forms of anesthesia?
- Plants like poppy and coca leaves
- Ethylene fumes beneathe Apollo’s temple
- Cannabis vapor
- Carotid compression (just made people unconcious temporarily)
What was Hippocrates known for?
Stated it was the patient’s responsibilty to help the operator (keep still)
Who was Diascorides and what was he known for?
- A surgeon in Nero’s army who created the Materia Medica that consisted of 5 volumes of information on medical properties of plants, animal, and mineral products
- Used mandragora (mandrake) and wine to anesthetize. Caused hallucinations and was thought to have magical properties.
What anesthetic was used in the middle ages?
Soporifics: sponges soaked in opium, mandrake, hemlock, and hyposcyamus (isomer of atropine)
Reversed with vinegar (ammonia vapors)
What is the first inhaled anesthetic?
Who discovered it?
- Diethyl ether
- Valerius Cordus, a german botanist and physician, made it from sulfuric acid and ethyl alcohol
Who created IV therapy?
How?
- Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle
- Used a goose quill for a needle and bladder for a IV bag
- They injected alcohol into a dog and described how it made them pee a lot
Who discovered nitrous oxide?
Joseph Priestly
Who discovered many important metals and suggested nitrous for surgical pain control?
Humphry Davy
What is Horace Wells known for?
- He was a dentist who noticed nitrous caused amnesia and analgesia
- He self adminstered nitrous and used it at Mass General during an amputation, but they didn’t like that the patient was still moving.
Who first gave nitrous with oxygen?
Andrews
Who made the first anesthesia machine with oxygen/nitrous?
Hewitt
Who used ether and whisky to remove 2 vascular neck tumors?
Crawford Long
Who used ether for anesthesia during denture fittings?
William Morton
When was the first successful public demonstration of ether?
1846, spread rapidly to England afterwards
Developed the process for pure ether and has a pharmaceutical company named after them?
Dr. Robinson Squibb
What are the disadvantages of using ether?
- Flammable
- Prolonged induction and emergence
- Unpleasant odor
- High incidence of nausea and vomiting
Who discovered chloroform?
Sir James Simpson, obstetrician
What is Dr. John Snow known for?
- He was a full time anesthetist who administered chloroform to queen victoria during birth of her two children.
- Traced London cholera outbreak to a water source
