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Pathology > Exam 1: Inflammation 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Inflammation 1 + 2 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Define inflammation

A

The bodies innate response to injury; a complex reaction arising in vascularized tissue in response to an injury/ injurious agent

  • results in fluid accumulation and leukocytes
  • involved with repair process
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2
Q

Define inflammatory edema

A

Excess fluid in extravascular space that is a direct result of inflammation

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3
Q

Define Exudate

A

fluid with many cells and specific gravity more than 1.010

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4
Q

Define Transudate

A

fluid with few cells and specific gravity less than 1.010

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5
Q

Define Effusions

A

fluid in body cavities:
pleural, pericardial, ascites

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6
Q

What are the causes of inflammation?

A

physical, chemical, ischemic, hypoxia, anoxia, necrosis

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7
Q

What are the physical causes of inflammation?

A

blunt force trauma, hot or cold

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8
Q

What are the chemical causes of inflammation?

A

poisons, alcohol, endotoxins, and exotoxins

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9
Q

What are the infectious causes of inflammation?

A

viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, or prion

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10
Q

Define immunological

A

hypersensitivity reactions

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11
Q

Define ischemic

A

decreased blood supply

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12
Q

Define hypoxia

A

decreased O2 supply

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13
Q

Define anoxia

A

no O2

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14
Q

Define necrosis

A

cell death to injury or inflammation

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15
Q

what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

rubor, dolor, calor, tumor, functio laesa

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16
Q

Define rubor

A

redness:
vasodilation caused by histamine

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17
Q

Define dolor

A

Pain:
kallikrein and bradykinin

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18
Q

Define calor

A

Heat:
increased vascular due to histamine and serotonin

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19
Q

Define tumor

A

swelling:
increased vascularity permeable die to histamine and serotonin

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20
Q

Define functio laesa

A

loss of function:
decreased cell function

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21
Q

Define acute inflammation

A

neutrophils and macrophages:
= rapid onset and short lived

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22
Q

Define chronic inflammation

A

lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts:
slow onset, long lived, symptoms appear late and pronounced tissue damage

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23
Q

What is the first step to hemodynamic change

A

a brief period of vasoconstriction

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24
Q

What follows vasoconstriction?

A

massive vasodilation of the arterioles mediated by histamine

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25
What is histamine released from
basophils
26
Vasodilation results in hyperemia which results in
redness, heat, rubor and calor
27
Characteristics of exudates
cloudy, high protein, over 1.02, many calls, always inflammatory
28
What are the types of effusion
pleural, pericardial, joint and ascites
29
Where does pleural effusion take place
between the parietal and visceral pleura
30
Where does pericardial effusion take place
between the 2 layers of pericardium
31
What is joint effusion
fluid accumulates in the joint
32
Where are ascites
between the two layers of peritonium
33
What is margination
- white blood cells move to the edge of the blood vessel - it is triggered by the reduction of blood flow
34
What is rolling
- roll on the endothelial cells - triggered by the reduction of blood flow
35
What is adhesion
- stick to the endothelial cells - triggered by immunoglobins, intergins and selectins
36
What is transmigration
- white blood cells move out of the blood vessel - triggered by diapedesis
37
Which cells are the first line of defense in phagocytosis
neutrophils
38
Which cells are the second in line of defense in phagocytosis
monocytes
39
What is aggregation
- white blood cells gather around the damaged tissue, - triggered by platelet released aggregins
40
What is phagocytosis
- ingestion of material to form a phagosome - triggered by the adherence of material to the white blood cell surface
41
What is opsonization
- making the material more likely to stick - triggered by release of immunoglobins
42
what is the role of chemical mediators in response to inflammation
- substances act to either initiate or enhance the response - originates from either the plasma or cells - redundancy provides amplification - can have harmful effects on the host
43
What three systems are plasma derived from for inflammation response
kinin system, complement system, coagulation system
44
Kinin system helps
pain and swelling
45
compliment system helps
immune defense
46
coagulation system helps
blood clotting
47
what is the key plasma protein activating inflammatory response
Hegeman factor (factor XII)
48
Where is the hegman factor
- in the clotting cascade - activated when blood vessels are damaged
49
Why is Bradykinin important
- it is the most potent chemical mediator in the kinin family - responsible for pain, vasodilation and increased vascular permeability - rapidly degraded
50
What are the three pathways the complement system activates
classical, alternative, mannose-lectin
51
What triggers the classical pathway
antibodies
52
What triggers the alternative pathway
microbes
53
What triggers the mannose-lectin pathway
sugar patterns on microbes
54
What is the source and effect of serotonin
platelets, vasodilation
55
What is the source and effect of thromboxanes
mast cells, vasoconstriction
56
What is the source and effect of leukotrines
mast cells, vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
57
what is the role of nitric oxide in inflammation
causes vasodilation and is cytoxic = has a free radical and a gaseous neurotransmitter
58
Fever what is the chemical and mechanism
II-F pyrogen acts on the hypothalamus
59
Anorexia what is the chemical and mechanism
TNF supreses appetite by acting on hypothalamus
60
Protein synthesis what is the chemical and mechanism
II-6 acts on the liver to produce C-reactice protein
61
Leukocytes what is the chemical and mechanism
II-2 acts on the bone marrow to stimulate cell lines
62
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation
resolution, fibrosis, abscess, sinue, fistula
63
Define resolution
natural outcomes of healing - preferred outcome
64
Define Fibrosis
excess scar tissue - keloid formation
65
Define sinue
blind end tract connecting one epithelial surface - sinus between dental abscess and the skin
66
Define fistula
abnormal tract connecting two epithelial surfaces - anorectal fistula in Crohn's disease
67
what is an example of complete resolution of acute inflammation
Pneumonia
68
Disintegration of a nerve axon is what type of degeneration
wallerian degeneration
69
is skeletal muscle degeneration characterized histologically by waxy hyaline cartilage?
yes, called Zenker's degeneration
70
what is the definition of chronic inflammation
inflammation of prolonged duration in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and attempts at healing are all progressing simultaneously
71
what are ways chronic inflammation can arise?
persistence of a stimulus, prolonged exposure to exogenous or endogenous toxic agent, immune mediated inflammatory diseases
72
What is an example of persistence of a stimulus
microbial, viral or fungal infection
73
What is an example of a prolonged exposure to exogenous or endogenous toxic agent
silicosis of the lung, artherosclerosis
74
what are an immune mediated inflammatory diseases
autoimmune diseases such as RA, MS and allergies
75
Chronic inflammation depends on what three things
1. persistence of the injurious agent 2. pathogenic mechanism 3. presence of certian cell types
76
Examples of localized diseases and chronic inflammation
indigestible foreign material, suture material, talcum powder
77
Examples of generalized diseases and chronic inflammation
tuberculosis, leprosy, tertiary syphilis, sarcoidosis, some fungal infections
78
What are the 2 types of patterns of chronic inflammation
non-specific and specific
79
Macrophages are a feature of which pattern of chronic inflammation
non-specific
80
True or False Causeous necrosis is associated with granulomatous inflammation
true
81
What cell nuclei is arranged in a haphazard pattern and involves encompassing undissolved material
osteoclasts

Pathology (3 decks)

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