Exam 1 Inflammation/ Immunity

Question 1

Stages of Inflammation

Answer 1

Vascular: involves vasodilation and increases capillary permeability
Cellular: white blood cells migrate to the injury site
Systemic Response: inflammatory mediators induce systemic effects

Question 2

Types of inflammation

Answer 2

Acute: rapid, short term, immune response to infection, injury, and toxins, can resolve within hours to days and leads to healing
Chronic: long-term that persists beyond healing, causes continuous tissue damage and organ dysfunction

Question 3

Prostaglandin Pathways

Answer 3

Act as chemical messengers, these pathways help bring more cells to the site of infection/ inflammation to fight the invaders

Question 4

What are neutrophils

Answer 4

first responders, phagocytocize debris and bactira

Question 5

what are Lymphocytes

Answer 5

involved in viral infections and chronic inflammation, kill bacteria make antibodies and help facilitate cell response

Question 6

What are monocytes/macrophages

Answer 6

remove dead cells, long-lived phagocytize and kill bacteria

Question 7

what are eosinophils

Answer 7

fight parasites, involved in allergic reactions

Question 8

Types of immunity

Answer 8

Innate: nonspecific first line of defense

Acquired: specific learned response adapted after antigen exposure

Question 9

What is a macrophage system

Answer 9

Monocyte that moves from blood into tissue becoming macrophage, engulf and destroy pathogens via phagocytosis
secrete cytokines that regulate immune response
present antigens to adaptive immune cells which initiate a specific immune response

Question 10

What are cytokines

Answer 10

proteins that modulate immune cell actvitiy

Question 11

what are histamines

Answer 11

increase vascular permeablitiy allowing immune cells to reach infection site

Question 12

what are tumor necrosis factos (TNF) alpha and interlutkins (ITs)

Answer 12

promote inflammation and immune signaling

Question 13

What are T lymphocytes

Answer 13

T lymphocytres comtrol the flow of immune response
CD4 cells: Helper t cells
CD8 cells: cytotoxic T cells

Question 14

What are B lymphocytes

Answer 14

mature into plasma cells which produce immunglobulin or antigens
form memory B cells for long term immunity

Question 15

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

Answer 15

Capture antigens, process antigens, present antigens to T cells, T cells are activated

Question 16

What does immunoglobin and antibodies do

Answer 16

mediated immunity: antibodies and immunoglobim bind to and neutralize pathogens

Question 17

What is IgM

Answer 17

first responder during infection

Question 18

What is IgG

Answer 18

most abundant, provides long term immunity

Question 19

What is IgA

Answer 19

found in mucosal secretions (saliva, tears, mucus, etc)

Question 20

What is IgE

Answer 20

involved in allergic reactions

Question 21

What is IgD

Answer 21

plays a small role in immune activation

Question 22

Primary vs Secondary Immune response

Answer 22

Primary: first encounter with an antigen produces a slow initial response
Secondary: future exposure triggers a faster, stronger, immune reaction often presenting disease

Question 23

Types of Acquired Immunity

Answer 23

Active: developed naturally through infection or vaccination, gives long-term protection because the body produce its own antibodies

Passive: given premade antibodies, provide immediate but short term protection (maternal antibodies by breast milk, antibody injections like for Hep B)

Question 24

Live attenuated vaccine

Answer 24

contain weakened but live microbes (measles, mumps, rubella)

Question 25

Inactivated Vaccine

Answer 25

use killed microbes (flu, polio, vaccines)

Question 26

MRNA vaccines

Answer 26

teach cells to produce an antigen (Covid-19 vaccine)

Question 27

Toxoid Vaccines

Answer 27

Contain inactivated toxins (tetanus)

Question 28

What are antibody Titers

Answer 28

measure IgM and IgG to determine immune status

Question 29

What is Prep

Answer 29

pre-exposure prophylaxis is recommended for HIV prevention for anyone at risk Builds up the level of antiretroviral medication in the body which can help prevent HIV from establishing in body 99% reduction rate from sex and 74% from needle stick

Question 30

Contradicitons for Prep

Answer 30

HIV infection, weigh less then 77lbs, possible HIV exposure, watch creatnine levels

Question 31

Side effect of Prep

Answer 31

Gi upset, headache, renal dysfunction, loss of bone mineral density, possible weight gain, injection site reactions for injectable prep

Question 32

Prep Monitoring

Answer 32

HIV test 1 week before starting, STI testing, cholesterol, triglycerides, Hep B, creatnin, baseline labs

Question 33

Lab tests for prep

Answer 33

test for HIV/pregnancy every 3 months

Question 34

Acute HIV

Answer 34

initial stage with flu-like symptoms

Question 35

Chronic HIV

Answer 35

virus remains in body but can be controlled with antiretroviral therapy

Question 36

AIDS

Answer 36

advanced stage whre the immune system is severely weakened leading to opportunistic infections

Question 37

What type of Virus is HIV

Answer 37

Retrovirus, targets CD4, macrophages, and dendritic cells so it can continue to spread without being noticed

Question 38

When does someone have AIDS

Answer 38

over time CD4 count decreeases leading to AIDS and opportunistic infections, when CD4 count is below 200 cells person has AIDS

Question 39

What is antiretroviral therapy (ART)

Answer 39

suppresses viral replication and preserves immune function

Question 40

What are some AIDs defining cancers

Answer 40

Kaposis sarcoma, nonhodgkins lymphoma, invasive cervical cancer

Question 41

HIV vs AIDS

Answer 41

HIV: the first one which has a weakened immune system AIDS: a progressed more severe version of HIV where other infections can occur due to the immune system failure