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Clinical Pathology > Exam 1 information > Flashcards

Exam 1 information Flashcards

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1
Q

Aggregate reticulocytes in cats

A

This corresponds to polychromatophils on blood smear stained with Wright’s type stain. This is counted by an automated instrument (this is what value you read on the CBC)

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2
Q

Punctate reticulocytes

A

These persist in circulation for several weeks -> therefore, not a good indicator of current regenerative response.

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3
Q

Poikilocytes

A

Abnormally shaped RBC

Examples: echinocytes, acanthocytes, ecentrocytes, keratocytes etc.

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4
Q

Term for enlarged RBC

A

macrocytes

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5
Q

Term for enlarged RBC

A

Microcytes

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6
Q

Term for the variation in size of the RBC in a smear

A

anisocytosis

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7
Q

Term for pale RBC’s from decreased hemoglobin

A

Hypochromasia

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8
Q

Term for RBC’s that are bluer younger cells in circulation, corresponding with reticulocytes

A

Polychromasia

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9
Q

What is the order of maturation from Rubriblast to a RBC?

A 
Rubriblast
Prorubricyte
Basophilic rubricyte
Polychromatophilic rubricyte
Metarubricyte
Reticulocyte 
RBC
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10
Q

Can you indicate anemia duration from a single Hematocrit/PCV?

A

No, animals are more likely to be symptomatic following an acute decline in Hct/PCV

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11
Q

What would you expect to happen to MCHC and MCV with a regenerative anemia?

A

decreased MCHC and an increased MCV (due to release of more immature cells)

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12
Q

What does it indicate to find nucleated RBC?

A

These are reported as # per 100 WBC’s . A low number of these can be seen in healthy dogs, cats and camelids.
-These cannot be differentiated from WBC.
Commonly associated with regeneration, but can occur in a non anemic animal, with anemia not associated with a reticulocytosis or in anemia with a disproportionate number of rubricytes compared tot he number of reticulocytes.
Therefore rubricytosis is NOT a specific indicator of regeneration

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13
Q

Causes of Inappropriate Rubricytosis:

A

Damage to Bone marrow
- hypoxia, inflammation, neoplasia, bone fracture
Splenic changes
- extramedullary hematopoesis, splenic contraction, splenectomy

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14
Q

Basophilic stippling

A

This is a spontaneous aggregation of ribosomal RNA in RBC cytoplasm. This si visiblewith routine hematology stains.
- This is seen in regeneration (ruminants), lead poisoning

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15
Q

erythrophagocytosis

A

When RBC is completely consumed by a macrophage

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16
Q

How are Spherocytes formed with immune mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

formed with Ab coating RBCs bind to the Fc portion of macrophages - partial phagocytosis of RBC - RBC has reduced surface area to volume - forms sphere shape rather than a disc.

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17
Q

Common Bacteria that cause Infectious Hemolytic Anemia

A

Mycoplasma sp. in dogs, cats, camelids
Anaplasma marginale in cattle
Leptospira sp.
Clostridium sp.

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18
Q

Common Viral sources of Hemolytic Anemia

A

Equine infectious anemia virus

  • retrovirus infecting horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules
  • May cause acute hemolytic anemia

Feline Leukemia virus (FeLV)

  • Retrovirus infecting cats
  • Anemia often due to decreased RBC production, but may cause immune hemolytic processes or predispose cats to other infectious anemias such as Mycoplasma haemofelis.
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19
Q

Protozoal sources of Hemolytic anemia

A

Theileria sp
Babesia sp
Cytauxzoon felis in cats
Trypanosoma sp.

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20
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of all blood cells
Occurs in the Bone marrow of the long bone central cavities in mammals
other organs:
Spleen and liver

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21
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Process of RBC production in bone marrow

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22
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Production of white blood cell production in bone marrow

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23
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

The process of platelet/thrombocyte production in bone marrow

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24
Q

Hematopoietic cells

A

all precursors to blood cells found in blood or tissues

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25
Absolute erythrocytosis
Increased numbers of RBC's -> Result in sluggy blood RBC production > RBC loss
26
Speficity
The frequency in which a test is negative in patients that do not have the disease of interist. High frequency of true negatives. Low number of false positives.
27
Diagnostic Sensitivity
Frequency in which a test is positive in patients that have the disease of interest. Good test would have few false negatives
28
What is the order of RBC precursors (from youngest precursor to the mature Erythrocyte)
Rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, (nucleus extrustion) reticulocyte, erythrocyte this whole process takes 5-7 days
29
What is Erythropoietin (Epo)
- Main hormone promoting erythropoiesis - Produced in the kidney and liver Synthesis is stimulated by tissue hypoxia - High Epo levels promote
30
What is the difference between Hemoglobin and Methemaglobin
Hemoglobin contains ferrous iron with 6 electron pairs. The ferrous iron has the oxygen carrying capacity. Methemaglobin contains feric iron, which has 5 electron pairs. This does not have the ability to cary oxygen
31
What are the steps of hemoglobin synthesis
1) porphyrin reactions 2) Incorporation of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin 9 to form heme 3) binding of the 4 ferriheme & 4 globin molecules to form hemoglobin
32
Prophyria
increased concentration of prophyrinsin the RBC's, plasma, and urine - This can be congenital or acquired These animals may be prone to photosensitivity, some absorb UB light and cause oxidative damage. Some porphyrias result in a hemolytic anemia
33
Ambden-Meyerhoff Pathway
anaerobically generating ATP - most animals the main substrate is glucose - Pigs it is inosine
34
What is the main substrate for ATP generation in pigs using the Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway?
Inosine
35
Methemoglobin Reductase pathway
Maintains Hemoglobin iron in a ferrous state. | - enxyme deficiency in this pathway results in methemoglobin accumulation
36
WhWhat causes decreased erythropoesis
Chronic inflammation Increased estrogen levels Decreased Functional Renal tissue
37
What is erythrocyte Senescence
The destruction of old reythrocytes - phagocytosed by macs in the spleen, liver, or bone marrow - May rupture intravascularly (minor route of destruction)
38
characteristics of free Hemoglobin in circulation
- hemoglobin released directly into circulation is unstable and dissociates into dimers that are bound to hapatoglobin. Free heme binds to hemopexin - the hemoglobin hapatoglobin and heme-hemopexin complexs are broken down in the liver to bilirubin, globin, and iron. - Free hemoglobin can be filtered through the kidney (NEPHROTOXIC) can see hemoglobinuria
39
How are erythrocyte components recycled and excreted in macrophages?
The rbc components are broken down and recycled or excreted including: Hemoglobin -> heme Globins-> AA
40
Iron and Senescent
Iron from senescent RBC's sis tored in iron protein complexes inside the macrophages or hepatocytes -Fe is released from storage as needed for hemoglobin synthesis
41
What is the Rapaport-Luebering pathway
This is for oxygenation (DPG shunt) - Produces DPG at the expense of ATP - Decreased DPG hbg affinity for O2, so that O2 is more readily available in the tissues - Hbg's affinity for O2 is affected by changes in DPG, temp, CO2, and pH
42
What values assess the total RBC mass in peripheral blood on a CBC
Hematocrit RBC concentration Hemoglobin concentration
43
What values on a CBC describe the RBC population
MCV MCH MCHC RDW red cell distribution width
44
What values assess erythropoietic activity
Reticulocyte percentage | Absolute Reticulocyte
45
What evaluates the RBC morphology changes?
Blood smear evaluation
46
What does a RBC concentration give you
The # of RBCs per unit volume of blood | RBC count
47
What does the PCV give you?
The volume (%) of blood comprised of RBC's
48
Pentose phosphate pathway
To maintain hemoglobin Produces NADPH -serves as a cofactor for reduction of oxidized glytathione - Reduced glutathione neutralizes oxidants that can denature Hbg
49
What type of reticulocytes in a cat, correspond with the polychromatophils ona blood smear>?
Aggregate reticulocytes- these are counted by an automated instrument
50
What are punctate reticulocytes?
these persist in circulation for several weeks. Not a good indicator for a regenerative response
51
Poikilocytes
Abnormally shaped RBC's | - Many examples of this
52
Anisocytosis
Variation in size of a RBC
53
Polychromasia
Bluer younger cells in circulation- correspond with reticulocytes
54
Rubricytosis
Increased nucleated RBC's in the blood. - Commonly associated with regeneration when it is an appropriate response. - must be in context with other data (can have rubricytosis that is in non-anemic animals)
55
What are causes of inappropriate Rubricytosis
``` Damage to bone marrow - Hypoxia - Inflammation Splenic chagnes - Extramedullary hematopoiesis ```
56
What is basophilic stippling?
Spontaneous aggregation of ribosomal RNA in RBC cytoplasm
57
What changes in RBC do you see with an iron deficiency anemia?
You will see microcytic and hypochromic RBC Reduced hemoglobin production prolongs the signal for RBC to stop dividing, therefore, the RBC continues to divide resulting in a smaller cell with hypochromasia. - These cells are more fragile.
58
What is the relationship between Zinc, copper and Iron?
Zinc in excess impairs the absorption of copper. Copper is essential for enzymes required for iron uptake from the GI tract
59
What other clinical signs would you see in Rouleaux and not Agglutination?
Inflammation | - Forms with increased fibrinogen and/or immunoglobulins
60
What is a supportive diagnostic test you can run for IMHA
Coombs' Test - indicates the presence of Ab or complement on RBC
61
Ghost cells are indicative of what?
Intravascular hemolysis increased RBC fragility Complement-mediated lysis
62
What is a heinz body?
It is denaturation of hemoglobin
63
WHat would happen if a cat were to ingest acetominophen
There would be oxidative damage to RBC causing a hemolytic anemia
64
If you saw a pyknocyte on a slide, What other types of cells would you commonly find around it?
you would find eccentrocytes and Heinz bodies because they are caused by oxidative damage
65
What aresome endocrine diseases that cause Erythropoiesis?
- Hypothyroidism- decreased metabolic rate, decreases O2 requirements in peripheral tissue and decreases Epo production - Hypoadrenocorticism - unclear mechanism - Hyperestrogenism- increased estrogen - BM suppression but concurrent feminization

Clinical Pathology (4 decks)

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