Exam 1 - Intro to Pharmacology

Question 1

a drug is any substance that brings __________ through ___________

Answer 1

any substance that brings about change in a biological function through chemical action

Question 2

agosnist

Answer 2

activator

Question 3

antagonist

Answer 3

inhibitor

Question 4

receptor

Answer 4

a target molecule

Question 5

chemical antagonists

Answer 5

drugs that may interact directly with other drugs

Question 6

omsotic agents

Answer 6

agents that act almost exclusively with water molecules

Question 7

can drugs be sythesized both inside and outside of the body?

Answer 7

yes, inside the body is hormones, outside of the body are drugs created by drug companies

Question 8

poisons

Answer 8

drugs that have almost exclusive harmful effects

Question 9

toxins

Answer 9

poisons of biological origin

Question 10

mechanism of action

Answer 10

the appropriate size, electrical charge, shape and atomic composition that a drug must have in order to interact chemically with its receptor, as well as the way all of these things come together to create a viable action from drug and receptor

Question 11

What increases risk for toxicity

Answer 11

if a drug is not excreted or metabolized by the body in a timely manner

Question 12

drugs interact with receptors through…

Answer 12

chemical forces or bonds

Question 13

the three major types of chemical forces or bonds are ____________, _________ and _____________

Answer 13

covalent bonds (strong bonds), electrostatic bonds (ionic bonds), and hydrophobic bonds (weak bonds).

Question 14

How are drugs that bind through weak bonds different than drugs that bond through strong bonds

Answer 14

more selective with what binds to them than drugs who bond by means of very strong bonds.

Question 15

enantiomers

Answer 15

nonsuperimposable mirror images an example is hands

Question 16

More than ______ of all drugs are chiral which means they are __________ and have ___________

Answer 16

more than half of all drugs are chiral which means they are asymmetrical and have four DIFFERENT carbon attachments

Question 17

although most drugs are chiral, most are sold in a ______________

Answer 17

racemic mix

Question 18

racemic mix

Answer 18

S & R isomer mix.

Question 19

What is the difference between drug enantiomers

Answer 19

one half may treat one thing and the other enantiomer may treat another.
This is because they differe in susceptability to specific metabolizing enzymes.

Question 20

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 20

Pharmacodynamics indicates the actions of the drug on the body.

Question 21

_____________________ indicates the actions of the drug on the body.

Answer 21

Pharmacodynamics

Question 22

Pharmacodynamics includes what ( not definition)

Answer 22

mechanisms of action and theraputic and toxic effects

Question 23

What fundamental event initiates the action of a drug

Answer 23

the interaction of the drug with the receptor

Question 24

Many drugs are classified through ____________ because this determines _______________

Answer 24

many drugs are classified through which receptor they bind to because this determines the appropriate therapy for the patients symptom or disease

Question 25

the final change in function is accomplished by ____________________

Answer 25

an effector mechanism.

Question 26

why might a receptor with a binded agonistic drug not have any effects

Answer 26

an allosteric inhibitor may be present or the agonist may require an allosteric activator

Question 27

________________ mimic agonist drugs and steal the spot on a receptor in which the agonist would have binded.

Answer 27

competitive inhibitors

Question 28

how can a competitive inhibitor be removed or dislodged from its place in order to replace it with a drug agonist

Answer 28

sometimes they can be overcome through increasing agonist concentration. Other times it is irreversible or pseudo irreversible and is unable to be displaced by increasing concentration.

Question 29

Which type of inhibition is able to sometimes be overcome by increasing agonist concentration

Answer 29

competitive inhibitors

Question 30

what type of inhibition is unable to be overcome through increased concentration of agonist

Answer 30

allosteric inhibitor

Question 31

what is the difference between full agonist drugs and partial agonist drugs

Answer 31

full agonist drugs can maximize effect by increasing concentration partial agonist drugs do not evoke as great of a response/effect regardless of how high the concentration is

Question 32

neutral antagonism

Answer 32

neutral antagonism is when the antagonistic blocks access of the agonist

Question 33

inverse agonists

Answer 33

inverse agonists are drugs that prefer receptors that are in an inactive form CHECK THIS ONE!!!!!!!!

Question 34

What is the problem with metabolizing covalently bonded drugs

Answer 34

in the case of covalently bonded drugs, the drug effects may linger until the drug/receptor complex is destroyed and new receptors are made.

Question 35

In order to function as a receptor, a molecule must be ___________ and it must ____________ upon binding to drugs

Answer 35

in order to function as a receptor , a molecule must be selective in what binds to it and it must change functions upon binding to drugs

Question 36

when a drug binds to a nonregulatory molecule it will result in _________________________

Answer 36

when a drug binds to a nonregulatory molecule it will result in no detectable change to the biological system.

Question 37

when a drug binds to a _____________ molecule it will result in no detectable change to the biological system. this molecules binding site is known as a ______________

Answer 37

when a drug binds to a nonregulatory molecule it will result in no detectable change to the biological system. this molecules binding site is known as an inert binding site

Question 38

describe what happens when a drug attaches to an inert binding site

Answer 38

literally nothing happens

Question 39

Why are inert binding sites not completely insignificant

Answer 39

because they affect the distribution of the drug and how much of that drug is available to the system through circulation.

Question 40

pharmacokinetics

Answer 40

pharmacokinetics describes the effects of the body on the drugs.

Question 41

Pharmacokinetics includes (not definition)

Answer 41

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

Question 42

what are the two ways that elimination of a drug is achieved

Answer 42

metabolism or excretion

Question 43

biodisposition is a term sometimes used to describe the _______________

Answer 43

biodisposition is a term sometimes used to describe the processes of metabolism and excretion.

Question 44

typically drugs are _________________ from the site of administration and _________to the site of action. This requires _____________. which is super difficult in some cases

Answer 44

typically drugs are absorbed into the blood from the site of administration and disributed to the site of action. this requires permeating through various barriers that seperate compartments.

Question 45

What is a particularly difficult barrier to cross (aka not easily permeable). Many drugs are inable to pass this barrier

Answer 45

the blood-brain barrier

Question 46

What are the two most common ways to eliminate a drug frrom the body

Answer 46

metabolic inactivation or excretion from the body.

Question 47

What is an indication

Answer 47

the reason why the medication is needed

Question 48

what dose do you always start at and what dose do you stay at when prescribing a new medication

Answer 48

the lowest reccomended dose. the lowest effective dose.

Question 49

what is a contraindication

Answer 49

a reason NOT to give a medication to a patient under any circumstances

Question 50

what is a caution towards a drug

Answer 50

a reason to watch a patient very closely if given a medication

Question 51

"stop this drug if _______ occurs" is a _______ reaction

Answer 51

serious

Question 52

"is this drug reaction inconveniencing you enough for me to change it?" is an example of a ____ reaction

Answer 52

common reaction

Question 53

the half life of a drug is

Answer 53

how long it takes for half of that drug to desenigrate or excrete from system

Question 54

What is a formulary

Answer 54

a list of medications/health products/services that is provided and covered in partial or full by a certain company. examples are insurance companies and hospitals.

Question 55

what is off-label treating

Answer 55

circumstances where no other attempted treatment has affected the symptoms and the provider makes a decision to use a treatment plan that has not yet been approved by the FDA.

Question 56

chemical name

Answer 56

Describes the atomic or molecular structure of the drug. often very complex.

Question 57

when a drug is approved by the FDA it is given a

Answer 57

generic name

Question 58

when a company develops a drug and it becomes approved by FDA that company uses the

Answer 58

brand name of the drug

Question 59

When a drug is under patent protection a company markets it under the

Answer 59

brand name

Question 60

when a drug is off patent it is marketed by the

Answer 60

brand or generic name

Question 61

what is the diferent frrom brand and generic named drugs

Answer 61

nothing, they are the same quality and effectiveness

Question 62

a __________ drug is a drug that typifys the most important characteristics of a drug

Answer 62

prototype

Question 63

black box warning

Answer 63

the strictest, serious most life threatening side effects or risks of a drug.

Question 64

-cillin

Answer 64

all penicillins (antibiotics)

Question 65

-olol

Answer 65

all beta blockers

Question 66

-mab

Answer 66

monoclonal antibodies

Question 67

-ib or -nib

Answer 67

mostly kinase inhibitors sometimes called small molecule inhibitors.