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A&P Lecture Final > Exam 1 Introduction, Metabolism, Tissues, Integument > Flashcards

Exam 1 Introduction, Metabolism, Tissues, Integument Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structure and form

to cut apart or disect

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of function of the body parts

how organs and body systems normally function & how disease and medication alters its functions

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3
Q

crainal / superior

A

towards the head / top

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4
Q

caudal / inferior

A

towards the tail / bottom

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5
Q

superficial

A

outside surface (skin)

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6
Q

deep

A

inside surfaces (tissues)

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7
Q

medial

A

towards middle of body

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8
Q

lateral

A

further away from the midline of the body

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9
Q

anterior / ventral

A

towards the front

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10
Q

posterior / dorsal

A

towards the back

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11
Q

prone

A

laying on stomach

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12
Q

supine

A

laying on back

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13
Q

Coronal/Frontal Plane

A

splits body into anterior & posterior (front & back)

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14
Q

sagittal plane

A

splits body into right & left side

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15
Q

mid-saggital

A

directly down middle

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16
Q

para-sagittal

A

unevenly cut down middle

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17
Q

transverse plane

A

splits into cranial & caudal (superior/inferior)

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18
Q

Dorsal cavity

houses?

lined by? specifically? what kind of tissue?

responsible for?

A

CNS

meninges
dura, arachnoid, pia mater
connective tissue

Cranial cavity, spinal/vertebral cavity

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19
Q

cranial cavity

houses?

which contains?

A

superior portion of CNS

brain, pituitary gland, cerebral blood vessels

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20
Q

Spinal / vertebral cavity

houses?

which contains?

A

inferior portion of the CNS

spinal chord, adipose, spinal blood vessels

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21
Q

ventral cavity

includes?

A

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

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22
Q

Thoracic Cavity

contains?

A

left & right pleural cavities
the pericardial
mediastinum

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23
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

contains?

A

diaphragm
abdominal
pelvis

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24
Q

whats a synovial cavity

A

soft tissue that lines the spaces of joints & tendon sheaths)

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25
Hierachy | small-large
``` atom molecules biomolecules organelles cells tissues organs organ system organism population species ```
26
atom define? has? what are they?
smallest part of a substance containing chemical characteristics subatomic particles proton, neutron, electron
27
molecules what is molecular bonding polar ? non- polar? ionic? hydrogen? inorganic? organic?
covalent single double or triple bond, the sharing of bonds between atoms unequal sharing equal sharing metal + nonmetal exists only between water molecules only, not hydrogen& oxygen no C-C or C-H C-C and/or C-H
28
biomolecules what are they?
carbohydrate lipid protein nucleic acid
29
Carbohydrate ``` composition? Includes? animal carb? plant carb? fiber? ``` building block? what makes up the building block? Suffix? Examples?
``` C, H, O (1:2:1) (polysaccaride) sugars glycogen starch cellulose ``` ``` monosaccharide 3-7 carbons -ose glucose fructose galactose deoxyribose ribose ```
30
lipid composition? building block?
C, H, O Glycerol fatty acids phosphate cholesterol
31
protein composition? building blocks?
C, H, O, N amino acid
32
nucleic acid composition? building blocks?
C, H, O, N, P Nucleotide (sugar, PO4, nitrogenous base)
33
ribosome function
protein production
34
golgi apparatus function?
protein packaging
35
ER function?
microcirculatory system
36
tissue types
epithelium connective muscle
37
epithelium tissue looks like? function?
multiple types, look connected to one another/overlapping cover line & protect
38
connective tissue looks like? function?
separate from one another bind, support, & connect
39
muscle tissue includes? function?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac movement, protection, & heat
40
population
groups of individuals
41
commonuity
interacting with other creatures
42
ecosystem
interacting with environment
43
biome
major communities defined by dominant plant
44
disease
disruption in biology, physiology, or sociology of the person
45
produces a change in the controlled variable
stimulus
46
monitors the change, communicates with control center
receptor
47
receives information from receptor, generates an output which travels to effector
control center
48
receives output from control center, produces response, returns variable to homeostasis
effector
49
positive feed back define? example?
Strengthen or reinforces a change Keeps sending you upward pregnancy (brain releases Oxytocin, OT targets uterus, baby is pushed lower, increases release of OT)
50
negative feedback define? example?
Reverses a change in the controlled condition (if you’re out of equilibrium it will bring you back to normal) keeps sending you downward testosterone production & blood pressure regulation Abiotic: thermostat example,
51
Fuel Sources for Metabolism
- Carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins
52
disaccharide define ex
structural unit of carbohydrate 2 monosaccharides sucrose lactose maltose
53
polysaccharides define ex
structural unit of carbohydrates 10-100's of monosaccharides glycogen starch cellulose
54
Dehydration Synthesis does? how?
forms carbohydrates Removal of water Building bond hydrogen(H) + hydroxide(OH) = water
55
Hydrolysis does?
destroy carbohydrates Addition of water Breaking bond Adding a hydrogen(H) and a hydroxide(OH) to break the water molecule (H2O)
56
types of lipids relationship to water
``` triglycerides, phospholipids steroids eicosanoids lipoproteins ``` hydrophobic (insoluble)
57
Triglyceride forms? stored in? made of? Can be either? Define each?
type of lipid solid (fat) or liquid (oil) adipose 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids ``` Saturated = no double bonds in HC chain, solid at RT Unsaturated = at least 1 double bond in HC chain, liquid at RT ```
58
Phospholipids characteristic? means? head is? tail is?
type of lipid Amphipathic (polar & nonpolar) polar nonpolar
59
steriods composed of? building block / backbone? Ex.?
type of lipid 4 carbon rings, 1 hydroxyl (at least) cholesterol ``` estrogen testosterone cortisol Vitamin D Bile salts ```
60
Eicosanoids ``` either? function of each? structural difference? ```
Prostaglandins(PG) modify horomone, inflammatory responses, regulate body temperature Aspirin blocks enzyme that allows the conversion of arachidonic acid to PG Leukotrienes allergic and inflammatroy responses NO 5 membered ring asthma
61
Structural protein
collagen
62
regularoty protein
insulin
63
contractile protein
acton / myosin
64
catalytic protein
amylase, dehydrogenase
65
Anabolism
synthesis or building (dehydration – removal of water make bond)
66
Catabolism
decomposition or destruction (hydrolysis – addition of water break bond)
67
Exergonic Reaction
release more energy than they absorb
68
Endergonic reaction
absorb more energy than they release
69
Activation Energy
energy needed to break chemical bonds in reactant molecules so the reaction can start
70
Catalysts
- Speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy - Do not change potential energy difference between reactants and products
71
Enzymes define? named by?
Proteins, the most important catalyst in our bodies according to what they catalyze
72
holoenzyme components?
biochemically active enzyme apoenzyme coenzyme cofactor
73
apoenzyme
component of holoenzyme protein moiety
74
coenzyme
component of holoenzyme additional organic component, derived from vitamins
75
cofactor
component of holoenzyme additional inorganic component, derived from minerals
76
Oxidase
add oxygen
77
kinase
add phosphate
78
Dehydrogenase-
remove hydrogen
79
anhydrase
remove water
80
proteases
break down proteins
81
ATP ATP Generation
Adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates Substrate Level Phosphorylation + Oxidative Phosphorylation
82
Substrate Level Phosphorylation: ``` location function type of respiration ```
located in the cytosol oconverts PO4 to ADP anerobic repiration
83
Oxidative Phosphorylation: ``` location function type of respiration ```
o occurs in the mitochondrial membrane o removes electrons from compounds and passes them through ETC to O2. aerobic repiration
84
Anerobic respiration oxygen? produces? preformed by? where does it occur? what happens to glucose? Phosphorylation
NO oxygen needed 2 net ATP Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells cytosol Partially broken down into pyruvate (lactic acid) Substrate Level Phosphorylation
85
Aerobic respiration oxygen? produces? preformed by? where does it occur? what happens to glucose? Phosphorylation
requires Oxygen Heat & 36 -38 ATP Eukaryotic cells Goes from cytosol to mitochondria (pyruvate to ATP) Completely broken down into CO2 & H2O Oxidative
86
Going from ATP to ADP requires
addition of water
87
Hydrogen forms 2 ions
Hydrogen (H+) = proton + electron | Hydride (H-) = electron
88
Oxidation What does it loose? What does it gain? What kind of agent is it? Does it ^ or decrease potential energy?
Electrons & Hydrogen Oxygen Reducing agent Increases potential energy
89
Reduction What does it loose? What does it gain? What kind of agent is it? Does it ^ or decrease potential energy?
Oxygen Electrons & Hydrogen Oxidizing agent Decreases potential energy
90
Reduction What does it loose? What does it gain? What kind of agent is it? Does it ^ or decrease potential energy?
Oxygen Electrons & Hydrogen Oxidizing agent Decreases potential energy
91
glycolysis When does it take place? Where does it occur? Is it anaerobic or aerobic? What does it produce?
ADP = high & ATP = low cytosol anaerobic 2 ATP & 2 NADH+
92
Fait of Pyruvate deoends on
presense of absense of oxygen (aerobic or anaerobic)
93
Anaerobic Fait of Pyruvate
doesnt require oxygen Pyruvate is reduced (addition of 2 hydrogen atoms) forming lactic acid Regeneration of the NAD+ used after G3P Lactic acid diffuses out of the cell & into the blood (allows glycolysis to continue) Hepatocytes remove lactic acid from the blood converting it to pyruvate Starts all over again…
94
Aerobic Fait of Pyruvate
requires oxygen Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA The krebs cycle begins in the mitochondrial matrix
95
From glycolysis, pyruvate becomes | overall producing?
acetyl CoA & then + OAA = citric acid | Overall producing 2 NADH
96
Kreb’s Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle ``` What reaction (s) occur? Where does it occur? Is it anaerobic or aerobic? What does it produce? What occurs? ```
``` Redox and decarboxylation reactions Mitochondrial matrix aerobic GTP & 2 CO2 2x (1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2) ``` Pyruvic acid is oxidized NAD+ & FAD are reduced to NADH & FADH2
97
``` Ally caught iguanas kindly stroaking (their) scales father madly objects. ```
``` Acetyl-CoA Citrate Isocitrate a-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumerate Malate Oxaloacetate ```
98
Electron Transport Chain process? Final electron acceptor is ? produces? Grand total of
Electron carriers in the mitochondrial inner membrane Electrons pass through the chain and exergonic reactions release energy to make ATP OXYGEN (aerobic) to make water NAD+, H20, 32-34 ATP 38 ATP

A&P Lecture Final (1 decks)

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