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CHEM 364 - Biochemistry > Exam 1: Introduction to Biochemistry (Chem 364 - Biochemistry) > Flashcards

Exam 1: Introduction to Biochemistry (Chem 364 - Biochemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

biochemistry areas of study

A

structure/function (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins); information (genetics); and bioenergetics (metabolism – anabolism and catabolism)

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2
Q

information

A

DNA –Replication–> DNA –Transcription–> RNA –Translation–> Protein

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3
Q

six bulk elements present in biological systems

A

hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)

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4
Q

trace, essential elements present in biological systems

A

sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl)

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5
Q

trace elements that may be essential and may be present in some organisms

A

more common: manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn)… less common: vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), tin (Sn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), Fluorine (F), iodine (I)

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6
Q

functional groups

A

hydroxyl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylate, sulfhydryl, amino, phosphate, phosphoryl

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7
Q

hydroxyl

A

-OH

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8
Q

acyl

A

-COR

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9
Q

carbonyl

A

C=O

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10
Q

carboxylate

A

COO-

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11
Q

sulfhydryl (thiol)

A

-SH

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12
Q

amino

A

-NH2 or -NH3

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13
Q

phosphate

A

-OPO3^2-

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14
Q

phosphoryl

A

-PO3 2-

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15
Q

organic compounds

A

alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, thiol, amines

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16
Q

alcohol

A

R-OH

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17
Q

aldehyde

A

RCHO

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18
Q

ketone

A

RCOR

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19
Q

carboxylic acid

A

RCOOH

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20
Q

thiol (sulfhydryl)

A

R-SH

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21
Q

amines

A

primary (RNH2), secondary (R2NH), tertiary (R3N)

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22
Q

under most biological conditions… carboxylic acids exist as

A

carboxylate anions (RCOO-)

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23
Q

under most biological conditions… amines exist as

A

ammonium ions (RNH3+, R2NH2+, R3NH+)

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24
Q

linkages in biochemical compounds

A

ester, ether, amide, phosphate ester, phosphoanhydride

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25
ester linkage
a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group... C-O-C=O
26
ether linkage
C-O-C
27
amide linkage
the carbonyl carbon-nitrogen single bond of the amide group... N-C=O
28
phosphate ester linkage
C-O-PO3 2-
29
phosphoanhydride linkage
phosphate + phosphate... O-PO2-O-PO3 2-
30
major classes of biological molecules
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic, ribonucleic)
31
types of natural polymers
cellulose (glucose monomers), starch (glucose monomers), protein (amino acid monomers), nucleic acid (nucleotide monomers)
32
proteins
polypeptides made of amino acids... connected with amide linkage
33
amino acid structure
+H3N-CHR-COO-
34
carbohydrates
monomers/dimers/polymers... connected with ether linkage
35
nucleic acids
made of nucleotides... connected with phosphodiester linkage... have either purine (adenine or guanine) or pyrimidine (thymine, cytosine, or uracil) bases
36
lipids
water insoluble/sparingly soluble molecules... consist of variety of molecules... ex: steroid (like cholesterol) or phospholipid (like glycerophospholipid) [phospholipid has polar/hydrophilic head and nonpolar/hydrophobic tail]
37
universal features of living cells
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, either a nucleus (eukaryotes) or nucleoid (prokaryotes)
38
plasma membrane
hydrophobic barrier around the cell
39
cytoplasm
composed of variety of suspended particles with specific functions
40
nucleus
where DNA is stored and replicated in eukaryotes
41
nucleoid
where DNA is stored and replicated in prokaryotes
42
prokaryotes
microorganisms without nuclear envelope, with genetic information encoded in nucleoid
43
eukaryotes
microorganisms whose nuclear material is enclosed within a double membrane / in the nucleus
44
cell wall (in prokaryotes)
protection against mechanical and hypertonic stress
45
cell membrane (in prokaryotes)
permeable boundary that allows entry and exit of nutrients and waste
46
nucleoid region (in prokaryotes)
storage of genetic information, site of DNA replication
47
ribosomes
protein synthesis; synthesize proteins
48
vacuoles (in prokaryotes)
storage of fuel molecules
49
cytoplasm (in prokaryotes)
region where many metabolic reactions occur
50
cell membrane (in eukaryotes)
selectively permeable boundary for entry and exit of nutrients and waste
51
nucleus (in eukaryotes)
storage of genetic information, site of DNA replication and transcription to RNA
52
endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes (in eukaryotes)
surfaces on which ribosomes bind for protein synthesis
53
golgi apparatus (in eukaryotes)
secretion for cell waste products/site of protein processing
54
cytoplasm (in eukaryotes)
provides shape to cell, region where metabolic reactions occur
55
mitochondria (in eukaryotes)
site of energy metabolism and synthesis of ATP
56
chloroplasts (in eukaryotes)
site of photosynthesis, convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP)
57
lysosomes (in eukaryotes)
metabolism of materials ingested by endocytosis
58
functional groups
give organic molecules specific chemical properties that thus impact their interactive abilities
59
peptide bond
bonds connecting amino acids... involves the dehydration of an amine and a carboxylic acid to form an amide
60
lipids tend to not form
natural polymers
61
cellulose and starch are examples of
carbohydrates
62
amino acid
made of an amine and carboxylic acid end
63
___peptide
prefix indicates how many amino acids are combined
64
identifiable feature of carbohydrates
polyhydroxy
65
nucleic acid components
phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base
66
unique features of eukaryotic cells
membrane-enclosed nucleus, well-defined internal compartments (organelles), cytoskeleton
67
rough endoplasmic reticulum
site of protein synthesis and packaging
68
golgi apparatus
modify lipids and proteins; sorts them and packages them in vesicles; secrete cell waste
69
lysosomes
digest molecules or old cell parts
70
vacuoles
store nutrients and ions
71
chloroplasts
synthesize glucose in plants
72
nucleus/nucleoid
store genetic information
73
mitochondria
metabolize molecules and produce ATP
74
vesicles
shuttles molecules
75
cell wall
provide shape and rigidity
76
cell membrane
selective permeable boundary for entry of nutrients and exit of waste
77
flagella
assist in movement
78
cytoskeleton
provide shape and guide the movement of proteins and other organelles
79
pili
provide points of adhesion to other cells
80
organelle
membrane enclosed package of organized molecules that perform specialized function to the cell; enclosed structure with a specific function found within a cell
81
cells that have a cell wall
bacteria, plant cells
82
cells that have a cell/plasma membrane
bacteria, plant cells, animal cells
83

CHEM 364 - Biochemistry (3 decks)

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