Exam 1 Key Terms

Question 1

The fluid inside cells, containing nutrients, ions, and proteins necessary for cell function.

Answer 1

Intracellular fluid

Question 2

The fluid outside cells, including blood plasma and interstitial fluid, which surrounds and supports cells

Answer 2

Extracellular fluid:

Question 3

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes, using regulatory mechanisms.

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Question 4

The Scientific Process:

Answer 4

1. Observation:
   Gathering information about a phenomenon or event, which sparks inquiry.
2. Hypothesis:
   A proposed explanation for an observation, which can be tested through experimentation.
3. Experiment:
   A structured procedure to test the hypothesis by manipulating variables and recording outcomes.
4. Results:
   The data and findings gathered from the experiment.
5. Conclusions:
   Interpretation of the results to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted.

Question 5

Molecules that repel water, typically nonpolar substances like fats and oils.

Answer 5

Hydrophobic Molecules

Question 6

Molecules that are attracted to and can dissolve in water, typically polar substances.

Answer 6

Hydrophilic Molecules

Question 7

The branch of chemistry dealing with carbon-based compounds, often found in living organisms.

Answer 7

Organic Chemistry

Question 8

he branch of chemistry that deals with compounds that do not primarily contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. It focuses on substances such as metals, minerals, salts, and other compounds that are not classified as organic. Inorganic chemistry is fundamental to fields like biochemistry, materials science, and environmental science.

Answer 8

Inorganic Chemistry

Question 9

Organic compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Answer 9

Hydrocarbon

Question 10

The chain or ring of carbon atoms that forms the backbone of any organic molecule.

Answer 10

Carbon Skeleton

Question 11

A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for a characteristic chemical reaction.

Answer 11

Functional Group

Question 12

A small molecule that can bind to others like it to form a polymer.

Answer 12

Monomer

Question 13

A large molecule composed of many repeated subunits (monomers).

Answer 13

Polymer

Question 14

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

Answer 14

Dehydration Reaction

Question 15

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between molecules by adding water.

Answer 15

Hydrolysis Reaction

Question 16

Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a major energy source.

Answer 16

Carbohydrates

Question 17

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar molecule like glucose.

Answer 17

Monosaccharide

Question 18

A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides, such as sucrose or lactose.

Answer 18

Disaccharide

Question 19

A carbohydrate polymer made up of many monosaccharide units, such as starch or cellulose.

Answer 19

Polysaccharide

Question 20

A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules, including fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids, primarily used for energy storage, insulation, and cell structure.

Answer 20

Lipids

Question 21

Types of lipids; fats are solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid. Both are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

Answer 21

Fats and Oils

Question 22

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in straight chains, typically solid at room temperature.

Answer 22

Saturated Fatty Acids

Question 23

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, creating kinks in the chain, usually liquid at room temperature.

Answer 23

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Question 24

Lipids that make up the cell membrane, consisting of a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

Answer 24

Phospholipids

Question 25

Small spherical structures formed by phospholipids in water, where the hydrophilic heads face outward and the hydrophobic tails are inside.

Answer 25

Micelles

Question 26

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton of four fused rings, including cholesterol and hormones like testosterone and estrogen.

Answer 26

Steroids

Question 27

Large molecules made of amino acids, essential for cell structure, function, and regulation of body tissues and organs.

Answer 27

Proteins

Question 28

Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information, including DNA and RNA.

Answer 28

Nucleic Acids

Question 29

Short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Answer 29

Peptides

Question 30

Long chains of amino acids that fold into proteins.

Answer 30

Polypeptides

Question 31

The sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Answer 31

Protein Structure (Primary)

Question 32

Local folding of the polypeptide chain into structures like alpha helices and beta sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

Answer 32

Protein Structure (Secondary)

Question 33

The three-dimensional shape of a protein, determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups).

Answer 33

Protein Structure (Tertiary)

Question 34

The structure formed when multiple polypeptide chains come together to form a functional protein.

Answer 34

Protein Structure (Quaternary)

Question 35

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that stores genetic information in the nucleus of cells.

Answer 35

DNA

Question 36

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis and the transmission of genetic information.

Answer 36

RNA

Question 37

The building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Answer 37

Nucleotides

Question 38

The primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.

Answer 38

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Question 39

The semi-permeable barrier surrounding cells, composed mainly of a phospholipid bilayer, regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Answer 39

Plasma Membrane

Question 40

The fluid component of the cytoplasm, where organelles and other cell structures are suspended.

Answer 40

Cytosol

Question 41

The jelly-like substance within a cell, containing the cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.

Answer 41

Cytoplasm

Question 42

Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

Answer 42

Organelles

Question 43

Non-living components within cells, such as pigments, nutrients, or crystals.

Answer 43

Inclusion

Question 44

Key components of the cell membrane, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Answer 44

Phospholipids

Question 45

The form of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus, which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

Answer 45

Chromatin

Question 46

The control center of the cell, housing DNA and directing cellular activities.

Answer 46

Nucleus

Question 47

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, controlling the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

Answer 47

Nuclear Envelope

Question 48

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins by translating RNA into amino acid sequences.

Answer 48

Ribosomes

Question 49

A network of membranes in the cell involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

Answer 49

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 50

A membrane network studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and folding.

Answer 50

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 51

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

Answer 51

Golgi Apparatus

Question 52

Organelles containing digestive enzymes, responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.

Answer 52

Lysosomes

Question 53

Organelles that contain enzymes for detoxifying harmful substances and breaking down fatty acids.

Answer 53

Peroxisomes

Question 54

The "powerhouses" of the cell, where ATP is produced through cellular respiration

Answer 54

Mitochondria

Question 55

A network of protein filaments that provide structural support and shape to the cell, as well as aiding in movement.

Answer 55

Cytoskeleton

Question 56

Hair-like structures on the cell surface that move fluid, mucus, or cells over their surface.

Answer 56

Cilia

Question 57

Long, whip-like structures used for cell movement, such as in sperm cells.

Answer 57

Flagella

Question 58

Tiny projections on the cell surface that increase surface area for absorption.

Answer 58

Microvilli

Question 59

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its DNA in preparation for division.

Answer 59

Interphase

Question 60

The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells, including mitosis and cytokinesis.

Answer 60

Cell Division

Question 61

The process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Answer 61

Mitosis

Question 62

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells after mitosis.

Answer 62

Cytokinesis

Question 63

The first stage of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Answer 63

Prophase

Question 64

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell (metaphase plate).

Answer 64

Metaphase

Question 65

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.

Answer 65

Anaphase

Question 66

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes begin to uncoil, nuclear envelopes reform, and the cell prepares for cytokinesis.

Answer 66

Telophase

Question 67

The capacity to do work or cause change, existing in various forms such as kinetic and potential energy.

Answer 67

Energy

Question 68

The energy an object possesses due to its motion.

Answer 68

Kinetic Energy

Question 69

The stored energy an object has due to its position or state.

Answer 69

Potential Energy

Question 70

A unit of energy; the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.

Answer 70

Calorie

Question 71

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Answer 71

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Question 72

Energy transfer increases the entropy (disorder) of a system, and energy transformations are not 100% efficient.

Answer 72

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Question 73

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.

Answer 73

Entropy

Question 74

A chemical reaction that releases energy.

Answer 74

Exergonic Reaction

Question 75

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy.

Answer 75

Endergonic Reaction

Question 76

The loss of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion in a chemical reaction.

Answer 76

Oxidation

Question 77

The gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion in a chemical reaction.

Answer 77

Reduction

Question 78

A chemical reaction in which water is removed to bond molecules together.

Answer 78

Dehydration Reaction

Question 79

A chemical reaction in which water is added to break bonds between molecules.

Answer 79

Hydrolysis

Question 80

A reaction where an exergonic process drives an endergonic one.

Answer 80

Coupled Reaction

Question 81

A process of forming ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate.

Answer 81

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Question 82

The production of ATP using energy derived from the electron transport chain in mitochondria.

Answer 82

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 83

The starting substances in a chemical reaction that undergo change.

Answer 83

Reactants

Question 84

The substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction.

Answer 84

Products

Question 85

A series of metabolic processes that convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

Answer 85

Cellular Respiration

Question 86

An anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD⁺, producing ATP and lactic acid or ethanol.

Answer 86

Fermentation

Question 87

The process of copying DNA before cell division.

Answer 87

DNA Replication

Question 88

DNA replication in which each of the two new DNA molecules retains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Answer 88

Semiconservative Replication

Question 89

The enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication.

Answer 89

DNA Helicase

Question 90

The enzyme that synthesizes new strands of DNA by adding nucleotides to the growing strand during replication.

Answer 90

DNA Polymerase

Question 91

The enzyme that synthesizes new strands of DNA by adding nucleotides to the growing strand during replication.

Answer 91

DNA Ligase

Question 92

A short RNA segment that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis during replication.

Answer 92

Primer

Question 93

The continuously synthesized DNA strand during replication.

Answer 93

Leading Strand

Question 94

The discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that forms short segments (Okazaki fragments) during replication

Answer 94

Lagging Strand

Question 95

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Answer 95

Mutation

Question 96

A mutation that occurs in reproductive cells and can be passed on to offspring.

Answer 96

Germ-Line Mutation

Question 97

A mutation that occurs in non-reproductive cells and cannot be inherited.

Answer 97

Somatic Mutation

Question 98

A DNA sequence that can change its position within the genome, potentially causing mutations.

Answer 98

Transposon

Question 99

A mutation that affects a single nucleotide base in the DNA sequence.

Answer 99

Point Mutation

Question 100

A mutation caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shift the reading frame of the genetic message.

Answer 100

Frame Shift Mutation