Exam 1 - L8

Question 1

Visual memory capacity

Answer 1

Visual memory is typically very good
Can recall having seen images for much longer compared to words
Class examples: ½ class looks at words, ½ class looks at pictures
Expectations:
-Remembering
unimportant or
unattended details
-When stimuli lack
meaning
-When foils (distractors)
are very similar to
stimulus
Good recognition involves:
-Attention to detail
-Distinctive and/or
meaningful info

Question 2

Richer code hypothesis

Answer 2

Better memory for pictures than words since pictures have more details

However… experiments show no evidence for a difference in recall between pictures and line drawings of the picture

Question 3

Dual code hypothesis

Answer 3

Assumes we create nonverbal (visual) and verbal codes for visual stimuli
Explains why concrete words (apple, chair) can be remembered better than abstract words (chaos, justice)

Question 4

Cognitive maps

Answer 4

Internal representation of space

Question 5

Tolman’s rat maze experiments

Answer 5

Evidence for cognitive maps
3 groups of rats:
Group 1: rewarded from
the beginning to end with
food
Group 2: not rewarded -
learned the maze over
time but still made errors
Group 3: not rewarded
for first 10 days, but
began receiving reward
after
Learned map even
faster than Group 1
once reward began
Evidence for latent learning
Tolman argued the rats learned an internal representation of the map rather than a sequence of directions

Question 6

Right-angle bias

Answer 6

Tend to think of intersections as forming 90 degree angles more often than they do

Question 7

Symmetry heuristic

Answer 7

Tend to think of shapes as more symmetrical than they are

Question 8

Rotation heuristic

Answer 8

When imagining figures and boundaries that are slightly slanted, tend to rotate/distort this boundary so that the figures are more vertical or horizontal than they really are

Question 9

Relative position heuristic

Answer 9

Relative position of boundaries or landmarks tend to be distorted to reflect conceptual knowledge about those boundaries/landmarks

Question 10

Alignment heuristic

Answer 10

Tend to distort landmarks/boundaries to be more in alignment than they are

Question 11

Subjective clusters

Answer 11

Tend to cluster objects/places that are conceptually related to each other. Can lead to thinking places within the cluster are closer compared to those across clusters

Question 12

Observer perspective/bias

Answer 12

Estimated distance from familiar to unfamiliar distances tends to be longer than from unfamiliar to familiar

Question 13

Declarative knowledge

Answer 13

Facts that can be stated (knowing that)

Question 14

Procedural knowledge

Answer 14

How to do something (knowing how)