Exam 1 - Last Minute Concepts

Question 1

Polypeptides

Answer 1

A series of amino acids

Question 2

Proteins

Answer 2

A series of polypeptides

Question 3

Genetic Code Characteristics

Answer 3

Universal, unambiguous, non-overlapping, commaless

Question 4

DNA Structure

Answer 4

Double helix, composed of nucleotides containing the four bases

Question 5

Purines

Answer 5

Adenine, Guanine

Question 6

Pyrimidines

Answer 6

Cytosine, Thymine

Question 7

Watson and Crick

Answer 7

DNA is a double stranded helix with antiparallel strands and bases linked with hydrogen bonding

Question 8

Phosphodiester Bond

Answer 8

5 carbon, 5 carbon bond between 2 sugars

Question 9

Replication

Answer 9

DNA to DNA in the nucleus

Question 10

Transcription

Answer 10

DNA to mRNA in the nucleus

Question 11

Translation

Answer 11

RNA to protein in the ribosome

Question 12

Meselson and Stahl

Answer 12

Replication of DNA to be semiconservative, meaning a parent strand is the template for synthesis of a new strand. DNA helixes contain one parent stand and one newly synthesized strand each

Question 13

Helicase

Answer 13

Unwinds the stand for replication

Question 14

RNA Primase

Answer 14

Sets up for RNA primer

Question 15

DNA Polymerase II

Answer 15

Elongates both the leading and lagging strand in DNA replication

Question 16

DNA Polymerase I

Answer 16

Removes the old RNA and replaces it with DNA

Question 17

DNA Ligase

Answer 17

Catalyzes the formation of the phosphodiester bond linking the Okazaki fragments

Question 18

RNA Polymerase II

Answer 18

Elongates in transcription

Question 19

RNA Characteristics

Answer 19

Single stranded, the sugar molecule is a ribose not a deoxyribose, the fourth base in uracil not thymine

Question 20

Messenger RNA

Answer 20

Message or direction on how to make a protein

Question 21

Transfer RNA

Answer 21

Matches up amino acids with the RNA message

Question 22

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 22

Used to bind the message

Question 23

Four Binding Sites

Answer 23

Transfer, Amino acids, Polypeptide, Exit

Question 24

Transer site

Answer 24

tRNA first lands here

Question 25

Amino acid site

Answer 25

tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon

Question 26

Polypeptide Site

Answer 26

tRNA adds its amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain

Question 27

Exit Site

Answer 27

Where tRNA resides without its amino acid before leaving the ribosome and going back to the cytosol to pick up another amino acid

Question 28

Bond strength depends on

Answer 28

Temperature, pressure, bond angle, environment

Question 29

What shape does water make

Answer 29

Tetrahedron

Question 30

Covalant Bond

Answer 30

Sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms or between atoms and other covalent bonds

Question 31

Oxygen is an electron _____

Answer 31

Hog

Question 32

Water is a __________ ____________ bond

Answer 32

Polar covalent

Question 33

Polarity

Answer 33

An uneven distribution of electron density within a molecule

Question 34

We are always moving to _____________ but...?

Answer 34

Equilibrium, but not every equilibrium is a good one

Question 35

Hormone that plays a role in diabetes insipidus

Answer 35

ADH

Question 36

Keq > 1

Answer 36

Favours the product

Question 37

Keq < 1

Answer 37

Favours the reactant

Question 38

Le Chatelier's Principle

Answer 38

If a chemical system in equilibrium is disturbed, the system will adjust to restore equilibrium

Question 39

Buffer

Answer 39

Resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base

Question 40

Human Blood pH levels

Answer 40

7.35-7.45

Question 41

Acidosis

Answer 41

pH lower than 7.35

Question 42

Alkalosis

Answer 42

pH above 7.45

Question 43

Three homeostasic regulators of hydrogen ions

Answer 43

Chemical, respiratory, renal

Question 44

Chemical Buffer system

Answer 44

First to respond, tie up excess acids and bases temporarily

Question 45

Respiratory System

Answer 45

Second to respond, removes CO2 from the body (carbonic acid)

Question 46

Renal Buffer System

Answer 46

Third to respond, most potent, kidneys removed metabolic acids

Question 47

Holoenzyme

Answer 47

Active enzyme with its nonprotein component

Question 48

Apoenzyme

Answer 48

Inactive enzyme without its non-protein moiety

Question 49

Cofactor

Answer 49

Nonprotein moiety is a metal ion

Question 50

Coenzyme

Answer 50

Small organic molecule moiety

Question 51

Michealis Menten Equation

Answer 51

S - concentration of the substrate

Question 52

Low Km

Answer 52

High affinity because a low substrate concentration is needed to saturate the enzyme (tight binding)

Question 53

High Km

Answer 53

Low affinity because a high substrate concentration is needed to saturate the enzyme (weak binding)

Question 54

Inhibitor

Answer 54

Any substance than can diminish the velocity of an enzyme catalyzed reaction

Question 55

Irreversible Inhibitor

Answer 55

Bind to enzymes through covalent bonds

Question 56

Reversible Inhibitors

Answer 56

Bind to enzymes through non-covalant bonds

Question 57

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 57

Binds reversibly to the same site as the substrate. Increases kM

Question 58

Noncompetitive Inhibition (ALLOSTERIC)

Answer 58

Inhibitor and substrate bind to different sites on the enzyme with a covalent bond. Decrease vmax because adding more substrate won't help

Question 59

Positive Allosteric

Answer 59

Activates

Question 60

Negative Allosteric

Answer 60

Inhibits

Question 61

Homotrophic

Answer 61

Substrate of that enzyme

Question 62

Heterotrophic

Answer 62

Substrate of anything else

Question 63

Delta G < 0

Answer 63

The reaction is spontaneous

Question 64

Delta G = 0

Answer 64

The reaction is at equilibrium

Question 65

Delta G > 0

Answer 65

The reaction is non-spontaneous