Exam 1 Learning Objectives

Question 1

Organism being alive means:

Answer 1

It is a life-form: a living entity made up of cells, uses energy

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

All of the contents of a cell inside the membrane (excluding the nucleus in eukaryotes)

Question 3

Cell theory

Answer 3

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 4

Organisms’ 2 fundamental nutritional needs

Answer 4

Chemical energy (ATP) and molecules that can be used as building blocks for synthesis of DNA, RNA, proteins, cell membrane, etc.

Question 5

Characteristics of an organism

Answer 5

Cells, Replication, Information, Energy, Evolution

Question 6

Central Dogma

Answer 6

Describes the flow of information in cells. Put simply, DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins

Question 7

Energy

Answer 7

The capacity to do work or supply heat. This capacity exists in one of two ways—as a stored potential or as an active motion.

Question 8

Entropy

Answer 8

The amount of disorder in a system (or the surrounding environment). Increases in the system when the products of a chemical reaction are less ordered than the reactant molecules.

Question 9

Monosaccharides are typically found with ____?

Answer 9

3, 5, or 6 carbons.

Question 10

Forms of glucose

Answer 10

α-glucose and β-glucose. β is more common because it is slightly more stable than α.

Question 11

Polysaccharides

Answer 11

Made from condensation reactions bringing together monosaccharides.
Uses: energy sources, structural roles like insect exoskeletons & cell walls, or cell identification & recognition

Question 12

Glycolipid

Answer 12

Any lipid molecule that is covalently bonded to one of more carbohydrates

Question 13

Glycoprotein

Answer 13

Any protein with one or more covalently bonded carbohydrates, typically oligosaccharides

Question 14

Plasma membrane allow for _____?

Answer 14

Exchange of materials

Question 15

The nucleus is the area of ____?

Answer 15

Maintenance and replication of the genome, distribution of genetic material (transcription DNA -> RNA), and ribosomal production (ribosomal subunit assembly).

Question 16

Cytosol

Answer 16

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm, excluding the contents of membrane-enclosed organelles. Only a fraction of the total cell volume.

Question 17

.

Organelle

Answer 17

A compartment inside the cell – often bounded by a membrane – that contains enzymes or structures specialized for a particular function

Question 18

Fats

Answer 18

Also called triglycerides, primary role is energy storage

Question 19

Phospholipids

Answer 19

Class of lipids having a hydrophilic head (with a phosphate group) and a hydrophobic tail (consisting of 2 hydrocarbon chains), crucial components of the plasma membrane.
- ____ with fatty acid tails are found in the domains Bacteria and Eukarya
- ____ with isoprenoid tails are found in the domain Archaea

Question 20

Lipids

Answer 20

Any organic substance that does not dissolve in water but dissolves well in nonpolar organic solvents. ____ include fatty acids, fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids.

Question 21

Types of lipids

Answer 21

Steroids (bulky, 4-ring structure), Fats (nonpolar molecules, 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol), Phospholipids (a glycerol that is linked to a phosphate group and 2 hydrocarbon chains)

Question 22

Lipid bilayers

Answer 22

Basic structural element/foundation of all cellular membranes. Hydrophilic heads interact with water, hydrophobic tails interact with one another

Question 23

Diffusion

Answer 23

The spontaneous movement of molecules and ions

Question 24

Concentration Gradient

Answer 24

The difference across space (such as across a membrane) in the concentration of a dissolved substance

Question 25

Osmosis

Answer 25

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to a region of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration. Often observed when the solute is not able to pass through the membrane.

Question 26

Channel Proteins

Answer 26

Form pores in the membrane that may have highly regulated closed and open conformations and facilitate the diffusion of water or specific solutes into and out of the cell.

Question 27

Carrier Proteins

Answer 27

Undergo conformational changes that facilitate the diffusion of specific molecules into and out of the cell.

Question 28

Nucleotides

Answer 28

A molecule consisting of a 5-C sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), one or more phosphate groups, and one of the several N-containing bases. ____ polymerize via condensation reactions.

Question 29

Ribonucelotides

Answer 29

Monomers of RNA

Question 30

Deoxyribonucleotides

Answer 30

Monomers of DNA

Question 31

Basic amino acids

Answer 31

+ charged

Question 32

Acidic amino acids

Answer 32

- charged

Question 33

Acid

Answer 33

Proton donor

Question 34

Primary Structure

Answer 34

sequence of amino acids in a protein. All proteins have a unique ____

Question 35

Secondary Structure

Answer 35

α-helices and β-pleaded-sheets that are formed by H-bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in a polypeptide chain.

Question 36

Tertiary Structure

Answer 36

Achieved when a protein folds into a compact, 3D shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups of amino acids.

Question 37

Quaternary structure

Answer 37

Result of 2 or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex.

Question 38

Prions

Answer 38

Proteins that can be induced to fold into infections, disease-causing agents. Same primary structure, but the shape is radically different.

Question 39

Proteins are crucial to

Answer 39

Catalysis, structure, movement, signaling, transport, and defense of cells.